Iodine concentration level, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation, and its influencing factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectiveThe availability of iodine concentration in iodised salt at the household level does not guarantee the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, but it can be significantly assured through proper utilisation. In eastern Ethiopia, there are no data on the use of iodised salt at the household level. The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine concentration, the coverage of adequately iodised salt and the factors that influencing the proper iodised salt utilisation in households.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and iodine concentration was determined using the WYD Checker iodine test. We used the logistic generalised estimating equation statistical analysis method to assess the factors that affect proper iodised salt utilisation at a household level.SettingThe study was conducted in Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 473 households were selected using one-stage sampling technique.Primary measuresIodine concentration, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation were primary outcomes of this study.ResultsOnly 37% of households found sufficient iodine concentration in iodised salt, while only 25.2% of households used iodised salt properly. College or above education (adjusted OR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.2 to 21.6, p=0.024), good knowledge (adjusted OR=5.3, 95% CI: 4.3 to 13.4, p<0.0001), good attitude (adjusted OR=4.2, 95% CI: 2.5 to 7.0, p<0.0001) and household with family size >5 (adjusted OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.7) were significantly associated with proper utilisation of iodised salt.ConclusionsAdequate coverage and iodised salt utilisation were low. The proper use of iodised salt is associated with educational status, family size, knowledge and attitudes. Raising public awareness, health promotion and continuous regulation of iodine concentration at all levels by regulatory bodies are important strategies for addressing the public health problems of iodine deficiency and related diseases.

Nearly one-in-five households utilized inadequate iodized salt in Nifas Silk Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

“…The odds of the utilization of inadequately iodized salt among respondents with poor knowledge were 2.29 times higher than respondents with good knowledge. This finding was supported by another study done in Dire Dawa city and North west Ethiopia [ 39 , 43 , 46 ]. It was also supported by a study conducted in Bangladesh [ 48 ].…”

“…This finding was also consistent with other studies like a study done in the Arsi zone, South East Ethiopia [ 34 ], Lalo Assabi District West Ethiopia [ 24 ], and Dire Dawa [ 43 ]. This might be due to the fact that exposing iodized salt to households or using unpacked salt gradually reduces iodine concentration in salt in addition to that of its volatile nature [ 45 , 46 ]. However, iodine content will remain relatively constant if the salt is packed dry with an impermeable lining such as polyethylene bags [ 32 ] and the production might be contained inadequate iodine [ 47 ].…”

“…This study was also consistent with a study done in Lalo Assabi District, West Ethiopia [ 18 ], India [ 36 ], and Tigray [ 17 ]. This might be as iodine can be lost due to its volatile property [ 46 ].…”