Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

Abstract

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n 1311) was 124·1 mg/l and 122·6 mg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 mg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 mg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 mg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 mg iodine as recommended.

Iodine Status in Europe in 2014

“…A comprehensive evaluation of the iodine status in pregnancy in Belgium has shown that median UI values are suboptimal [13]. This is despite the fact that 60% of the women reported taking iodine supplements during gestation [14]. Interestingly, the frequency of elevated neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels was still low (3%) in this population [15].…”

Correction of Micronutrient Status of the Population of the Irkutsk Region as a Means of Lowering Infant Mortality

“…Фтор с меньшей атомной массой имеет пре-имущество при всасывании в кишечнике, вытесняя йод. Такую же позицию занимает и другой галоген-хлор при употреблении хлорированной воды как питьевой [11].…”

Análise do estado nutricional do iodo em gestantes hipertensas e não hipertensas em Salvador – Bahia

“…Entretanto, se apresentar deficiência de iodo, este mecanismo adaptativo falha e pode levar à disfunção tireoidiana na mãe e no feto. (VANDEVIJVERE et al, 2012) Alguns estudos sugerem que a deficiência leve de iodo materno pode ter impacto no desenvolvimento neuropsicológico, psicomotor e intelectual completo de seus filhos (HADDOW et al, 1999; POP et al, 1999) O Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF) estima que, a cada ano, cerca de 38 milhões de recém-nascidos dos países em desenvolvimento continuam desprotegidos ao longo da vida das consequências do dano cerebral associado aos transtornos da deficiência de iodo. (FUSE et al, 2011) A ingestão adequada de iodo é o principal determinante do status nutricional desse mineral, mas a sua quantificação é difícil.…”

“…(VANDEVIJVERE et al, 2012). Existem poucos dados sobre o excesso de iodo durante a gestação e sua repercussão materno fetal.…”