Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Austria

Lindorfer, Heidelinde; Krebs, Michael; Kautzky‐Willer, Alexandra; Bancher‐Todesca, Dagmar; Sager, Manfred; Gessl, Alois

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.253

Cited by 36 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Additionally, this study further supports the notion that SAC median UIC could be an imprecise approach for estimating iodine status in pregnant women [7][8][9][10][11]. In consolidation, The IGN has revealed that 29 countries reported iodine deficiency in pregnant women, whereas their SAC populations were sufficient [46].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The most recent UNICEF guidelines have likewise stated that measuring UIC in SAC may conceal suboptimal iodine intake in subsets of vulnerable groups, including pregnant women [17]. Studies from Austria [7], Denmark [9], China [11] and the United States [47] have also demonstrated marked iodine insufficiency among pregnant women despite using iodised salt and/or iodine supplements. Taken together, our study and the prior reports advocate that the health authorities in each country should consider measuring iodine intake in pregnant women independently from SAC to accurately evaluate iodine adequacy in this vulnerable group [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present study has several limitations. Although the number of participants is larger compared with several other reports on pregnant women [7][8][9], our participants were enrolled from a single site, and other cities from the same region were not included. Additionally, we did not measure the dietary habits and intake alongside the thyroid function parameters to investigate their correlations with iodine status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, many researchers have emphasised the need for alternative means (e.g. iodine supplements) to ensure adequate iodine intake during pregnancy [7][8][9][10][11], and the World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended increasing iodine intake from 150 to 250 μg/day [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

Preprint

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Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100–199 μg/L) and pregnant (150–249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83 – 143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cut-off, whereas the pregnant group were iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01 – 185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. Multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707–5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038–6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Passive smoking, however, was an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097–3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043–2.618) groups. The use of non-iodised salt also significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118–3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992–7.297), whereas iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172–0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001–0.005, respectively). Moreover, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant in both study populations. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

Preprint

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“…Iodine deficiency during pregnancy also significantly increase the risk of delayed neurodevelopment and poor cognitive functions in the offspring [3,4]. Although many countries have implemented the universal salt iodisation (USI) policy to ensure adequate access to iodine by the general public [5,6], numerous reports from different developed and developing countries have demonstrated high rates of iodine insufficiency among pregnant women [7][8][9][10][11]. Accordingly, many researchers have emphasised the need for alternative means (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2019

Preprint

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Background Despite the significance of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age due its associated serious maternal and foetal complications, surveys related to this vulnerable population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to measure the frequency alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in Saudi women of childbearing age from the Western province of KSA.Methods Urinary iodine concentrations IUIC) were measured in random spot samples collected from 1222 pregnant women and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The classification of iodine sufficiency was based on the WHO criteria for UIC in pregnant (150–249 μg/L) and non-pregnant women (100–199 μg/L).Results The UIC median in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 73.72) was at the lowest WHO recommended cut-off. The pregnant women, on the other hand, had a median UIC (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 104.56) markedly below the minimal WHO limit for pregnancy. Coherently, the median IUC was below adequacy across the trimesters and was lowest during the first trimester. Additionally, 49.7% (n = 199) of the non-pregnant and 62.5% (n = 764) of pregnant women were iodine deficient as per the WHO criteria. While pregnancy (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 3.08–5.96) and using non-iodised salt (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.35–2.83) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency, the intake of iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk (OR = 0.010; 95%CI: 0.006–0.017). On the other hand, the intake of iodine above requirement was observed in 8.5% and 4.2% of the non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Moreover, BMI was the sole independent factor increasing the odds (OR = 1.061; 95%CI: 1.010–1.114) of taking iodine above requirements.Conclusions This study is the first to show high prevalence of mild iodine deficiency among reproductive age Saudi women, which could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

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Epidemiology of Iodine Deficiency

Gizak

Gorstein

Andersson

2017

Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Their Elimination

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Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Austria

Abstract: This study shows that pregnant women in the Vienna area have a potentially clinically significant iodine deficiency and that currently recommended doses of iodine supplementation may not be sufficient.

Cited by 36 publications

References 35 publications

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Epidemiology of Iodine Deficiency

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