Iodine Deficiency in the World: Where Do we Stand at the Turn of the Century?

Abstract

Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Universal salt iodization (USI), calling for all salt used in agriculture, food processing, catering and household to be iodized, is the agreed strategy for achieving iodine sufficiency. This article reviews published information on programs for the sustainable elimination of the iodine deficiency disorders and reports new data on monitoring and impact of salt iodization programs at the population level. Currently, 68% of households from areas of the world with previous iodine deficiency have access to iodized salt, compared to less than 10% a decade ago. This great achievement, a public health success unprecedented in the field of noncommunicable diseases, must be better recognized by the health sector, including thyroidologists. On the other hand, the managers and sponsors of programs of iodized salt must appreciate the continuing need for greatly improved monitoring and quality control. For example, partnership evaluation of iodine nutrition using the ThyroMobil model in 35,223 schoolchildren at 378 sites of 28 countries has shown that many previously iodine deficient parts of the world now have median urinary iodine concentrations well above 300 microg/L, which is excessive and carries the risk of adverse health consequences. The elimination of iodine deficiency is within reach but major additional efforts are required to cover the whole population at risk and to ensure quality control and sustainability.

Iodine deficiency and brain development in the first half of pregnancy

“…Such handicaps might be prevented if early maternal hypothyroxinemia were detected and corrected. ID, however, still remains the major cause of such disabilities worldwide, including industrialised societies 97 . Because of the frequency with which some observations are incorrectly interpreted, we wish to emphasise here two important examples, already referred to above.…”

Iodine intake in Portuguese pregnant women: results of a countrywide study

“…Inadequate intake of this micronutrient is the cause of endemic goiter, which has practically disappeared in western European Countries (1). However, recent studies have pointed to the existence of mild/moderate insufficient iodine intake in most European regions (2)(3)(4), which proved to be deleterious, namely in pregnancy and lactation when needs are very much increased (5)(6)(7).…”

Gold nanoelectrode ensembles for direct trace electroanalysis of iodide

“…The most common sources of iodine intake are table salt and seafood, but also other food can contain iodine, such as plants grown in iodine rich soils. However, in certain parts of the world the soil and hence the plants contain no iodine and such a deficiency in the diet can cause health problems [1,2]. Iodine enriched food products, in particular edible salt, are indeed commercialized to complete iodine supply and to avoid dangerous deficiencies.…”