Iodine-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction

Abstract

Purpose of review-To summarize the mechanisms of iodine-induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, identify the risk factors for thyroid dysfunction following an iodine load, and summarize the major sources of excess iodine exposure. Recent findings-Excess iodine is generally well tolerated, but individuals with underlying thyroid disease or other risk factors may be susceptible to iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction following acute or chronic exposure. Sources of increased iodine exposure include the global public health efforts of iodine supplementation, the escalating use of iodinated contrast radiologic studies, amiodarone administration in vulnerable patients, excess seaweed consumption, and various miscellaneous sources. Summary-Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction may be subclinical or overt. Recognition of the association between iodine excess and iodine-induced hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is important in the differential diagnosis of patients who present without a known cause of thyroid dysfunction.

The Utilization of Chinese Herbal Products for Hyperthyroidism in National Health Insurance System (NHIRD) of Taiwan: A Population-Based Study

“…Because of the convenience, affordability, accessibility, and effectiveness of TCM services, over 70% of the hyperthyroidism patients utilize TCM services. The higher incidence of hyperthyroidism in this study may be due to the inclusion of both overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism [ 1 ].…”

“…Thyroid hormones influence almost every tissue and organ system in the body. Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter are the two most common causes of hyperthyroidism [ 1 ]. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism is 0.75%, and its incidence rate is 51 per 100,000 per year in Europe [ 2 ].…”

“…The prevalence of hyperthyroidism increases with age. Hyperthyroidism is more frequent in women [ 1 ]. The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, osteoporosis, atrial fibrillation, embolic events, muscle weakness, tremor, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and rarely cardiovascular collapse and even death.…”

Review of Sars-Coronavirus-2 Repercussions on Thyroid Gland in the Context of Hyperthyroidism

“…Other frequent causes include autonomously operating thyroid adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter. Younger individuals, who have greater thyroid hormone (i.e., T3 and T4) levels and are more probable to exist with overt hyperthyroidism than subclinical hyperthyroidism, are more likely to have less frequent causes [14].…”

“…Trembling, palpitations, jitteriness, anxiety, diaphoresis, tachycardia, heat intolerance, lid lag, staring, and hyper defecation are some of the symptoms (not diarrhea) [5] Cutaneous Onycholysis (Plummer nails), hyperpigmentation that is patchy or all-over pathognomonic signs (especially on neck and face) of Graves disease include: thyroid acropachy and pretibial myxedema (thyroid dermopathy) Graves ailment can also cause patchy vitiligo. [6] Hypermetabolism Despite increased appetite and fever, there is weight loss (in thyroid storm) [14]…”