Iodine Nanoparticles (Niodx™) for Radiotherapy Enhancement of Glioblastoma and Other Cancers: An NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory Study

Abstract

Effective and durable treatment of glioblastoma is an urgent unmet medical need. In this article, we summarize a novel approach of a physical method that enhances the effectiveness of radiotherapy. High atomic number nanoparticles that target brain tumors are intravenously administered. Upon irradiation, the nanoparticles absorb X-rays creating free radicals, increasing the tumor dose several fold. Radiotherapy of mice with orthotopic human gliomas and human triple negative breast cancers growing in the brain showed significant life extensions when the nanoparticles were included. An extensive study of the properties of the iodine-containing nanoparticle (Niodx) by the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, including sterility, physicochemical characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo immunological characterization, and in vivo toxicology, is presented. In summary, the iodine nanoparticle Niodx appears safe and effective for translational studies toward human use.

Radiopaque Iodosilane-Coated Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticle Contrast Agent for Dual-Modality Ultrasound and X-ray Bioimaging

“…58 Niodx CA exhibited IC 50 values of 0.89 and 5.03 mg NPs/mL against porcine renal proximal tubule (LLC-PK1) and human hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines, respectively. 21 Our LNE formulations, however, showed slightly lower IC 50 as well as tested on different cell lines, and the in vivo study did not reveal such toxicities. Furthermore, a cellular uptake experiment was carried out on CTAB-free F2, F5, and F6 formulations bearing 0.2 wt % lipophilic NR dye present in their oily core.…”

“…Looking into the literature, we found that iodinated vitamin E CA showed a LD 50 of about 0.4 mg I/mL on BNL-CL2 embryonic murine hepatocyte cell lines . Niodx CA exhibited IC 50 values of 0.89 and 5.03 mg NPs/mL against porcine renal proximal tubule (LLC-PK1) and human hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines, respectively . Our LNE formulations, however, showed slightly lower IC 50 as well as tested on different cell lines, and the in vivo study did not reveal such toxicities.…”

“…The development and use of nanoparticles as CAs have been of significant interest. 21,22 Gold nanoparticles, 23−25 bismuth sulfide NPs, 26,27 liposomes, 28 micelles, 29 and polymers 30−34 have shown promising results, rendering them potential candidates for CT. Recently, several iodinated nanoparticles have been developed and utilized for CT imaging such as iodinated liposomes, 35,36 iodinated polymeric micelles, 37,38 and iodinated lipid nanoemulsions (LNEs).…”

“…In recent decades, scientists have explored a number of potential replacements for the current array of iodinated CAs. The development and use of nanoparticles as CAs have been of significant interest. , Gold nanoparticles, − bismuth sulfide NPs, , liposomes, micelles, and polymers − have shown promising results, rendering them potential candidates for CT. Recently, several iodinated nanoparticles have been developed and utilized for CT imaging such as iodinated liposomes, , iodinated polymeric micelles, , and iodinated lipid nanoemulsions (LNEs). , The main obstacles hindering the development of an ideal CA include the high concentration of heavy metals required and toxicity arising from the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the particles. − Nanoparticles, however, benefit from being highly modifiable.…”

Blood parameters of rabbits given different amounts of iodine citrate

“…A study was conducted to investigate the properties of iodine-containing nanoparticles that can absorb X-rays and determine the boundaries of the tumour in a fluorescent way. Radiation therapy of the brains of mice with orthotopic human gliomas and triple-negative human breast cancer showed considerable prolongation of their lives when iodine-containing nanoparticles were included (Hainfeld et al, 2022). Studies established the importance of iodine for the animal body, its involvement in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and the causes of iodine-deficient diseases.…”