Iodine Nutrition and the Prevalence Status of Thyroid Nodules in the Population: a Cross-sectional Survey in Heilongjiang Province, China

Tian, Chunyuan; Bu, Yue; Ji, Chunlei; Shi, M.; Zhang, Liwei; Kong, Desheng; Xiao, Dong; Liu, Ying

doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02442-y

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), a highly prevalent thyroid disease, may be over-diagnosed among the elderly. Previous studies have showed that the prevalence of SCH was 1%-15% in people aged > 65 years worldwide 1 and 35.22% in people aged ≥ 60 years in China 2 . Notably, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the key indicator of SCH, is physiologically elevated with advanced age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Age-specific serum thyrotropin reference range for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lipid profiles in the elderly population

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The overdiagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the elderly has driven researchers to establish age-specific thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) intervals to precisely evaluate the prevalence of SCH. Moreover, abnormal lipid profiles, an insidious manifestation of SCH, show various impacts on different age groups. This study aimed to establish an age-specific TSH reference range to clarify the spectrum of SCH in the elderly. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and the age-specific association between TSH and lipid profiles were analyzed to elucidate the relationship between SCH and dyslipidemia. This cross-sectional study enrolled 2460 participants aged ≥ 65 years via cluster sampling. All participants received physical, laboratory tests and thyroid ultrasound examination and completed the questionnaire. The chi-square test was used to analyze variations of dyslipidemia prevalence among different groups. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was applied for testing the linear trends of age-specific prevalence of dyslipidemia among different TSH intervals in each age group. After adjusting for confounding factors, the age-specific association between TSH and lipid profiles was identified using multi-variate linear regression analysis. The TSH reference ranges in the 65–70 age group, 71–80 age group and > 80 age group were 0.65–5.51 mIU/L, 0.85–5.89 mIU/L and 0.78–6.70 mIU/L, respectively. Using these age-specific reference ranges, the prevalence of SCH in the whole population was 3.74%, which was significantly lower than the prevalence based on the laboratory reference range (10.28%). In the 65–70 age group, only the prevalence of high total cholesterol (TC) increased significantly with the age-specific TSH intervals, and TSH was positively associated with TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In the 71–80 and > 80 age groups, the prevalence of high TC, high triglycerides (TGs), and high LDL-C increased significantly with elevated TSH reference ranges. The levels of TC, TGs, and LDL-C were also positively associated with TSH level in 71–80 age group. However, such an association disappeared in > 80 age group. An age-specific reference range for TSH can effectively prevent the overdiagnosis of SCH in the elderly. Aging could somewhat attenuate the impact of TSH on lipid profiles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Age-specific serum thyrotropin reference range for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lipid profiles in the elderly population

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…In recent years, the incidence of thyroid nodules has increased signi cantly, which has attracted widespread social attention. In our study, the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Fujian Province is still at a relatively low level compared with the data of other studies at home, which has a prevalence of 15.7% − 58.7% within the country [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Among the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Fujian Province, the prevalence of males in our province is 16.3%; 28.2% in women, with a signi cantly higher prevalence in women than in men, which may be related to estrogen secretion in women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

A cross-sectional study of the relationship between the prevalence of thyroid nodules and iodine nutrition and its influencing factors based on a large sample in coastal areas

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background The prevalence of thyroid nodules has been increasing in recent years. Nevertheless, studies on the association between iodine status and thyroid nodules are controversial. Objective We aimed to investigate whether there is an association between iodine status and thyroid nodule disease and explore the risk factors of thyroid nodules. Methods 3926 residents participated in the investigation from the four different regions in Fujian Province in 2017, which are coastal urban area (CUA), non-coastal urban area (Non-CUA); coastal rural area (CRA), and non-coastal rural area (Non-CRA). Participants were interviewed face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. B-ultrasound was carried out to detect thyroid nodules, and drinking water, table salt, and urine samples were collected from the household. Results The iodine status was appropriate in Fujian Province. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 22.4% in 2017, of which males accounted for 16.3% while females accounted for 28.2%. In our study, there was no statistically significant between iodine status and thyroid nodules (P > 0.05). However, female (OR = 1.9), increasing age (OR = 1.1), housewife (OR = 1.4); student (OR = 4.2); employee of enterprises and institutions (OR = 1.5), less frequency of milk and dairy products intake (< 3 times (3t) per week: 1-2t OR = 2.7; <1t OR = 2.3), and less frequency of vegetables and fruits consumption intake (< 3 times (3t) per week: 1-2t OR = 1.4; <1t OR = 1.4) are risk factors for thyroid nodule disease (P < 0.05). Conclusions There was no evidence indicating that drinking water, iodized salt, iodine-rich food, goitrogenic food, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) are connected with thyroid nodules. Females, increasing age,, vocation (student, housewife, employee of enterprises and institutions), less frequency of milk and dairy products intake (< 3t per week), less frequency of vegetables and fruits consumption intake, and living in coastal city (coastal or urban) can increase the risk of thyroid nodules.

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“…The nodule incidence was higher compared to the results of previous studies, which may be related to the following:1) Only women were included in this study, and women have a higher prevalence of BM and TN relative to men; 26,27 2) The subjects included in this study were from medical checkup centers, and generally patients are more likely In our study, age was found to be an independent risk factor for the occurrence of TN, and this result is consistent with the results of previous studies. 30 The results in multivariate logistic regression indicated that age was a protective factor for BI-RADS grade 2 and 3 BM, which may be associated with the high incidence of benign breast hyperplasia in young women. As with the results of previous studies, 31,32 this paper also found that abnormal lipid levels can influence the occurrence of TN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In our study, age was found to be an independent risk factor for the occurrence of TN, and this result is consistent with the results of previous studies. 30 The results in multivariate logistic regression indicated that age was a protective factor for BI-RADS grade 2 and 3 BM, which may be associated with the high incidence of benign breast hyperplasia in young women. As with the results of previous studies, 31 , 32 this paper also found that abnormal lipid levels can influence the occurrence of TN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Correlation Analysis of Breast and Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study

Chen¹,

Hou²,

Tang³

et al. 2021

IJGM

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Based on physical examination, to explore the relationship between breast mass (BM) and thyroid nodule (TN) prevalence, and to further explore other related factors that affect the occurrence of BM and TN. Methods: From January 1, 2018, to January 1, 2021, 12,538 female subjects received breast and thyroid ultrasound examinations at the same time in the health examination center of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic analysis were used to screen the relevant factors affecting TN and BM, and propensity score matching was used to further verify the results of the relationship between breast and thyroid. Results: A total of 4975 (39.7%) of the included subjects have BM and a total of 6315 (50.4%) have TN,2557 (20.4%) had both BM and TN. The logistic regression results show that patients with TN are more likely to suffer from BM [OR = 1.185, 95% CI (1.099-1.278), p<0.0001]. In addition, age, free T4, HDL, height, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and albumin are independent factors affecting the occurrence of BM; patients with BM are more likely to have TN [OR = 1.180, 95% CI (1.094-1.272), p<0.0001], and age, free T3, free T4, AST, ALT, albumin, height, and BMI are independent influencing factors on the occurrence of TN. The result of propensity score matching confirmed the relationship between BM and TN. Conclusion:There is a bidirectional pathogenic relationship between BM and TN, women with BM are at increased risk of TN, and women with TN are more likely to have BM. Thyroid hormone is not only related to the occurrence of TN but also affects the occurrence of BM.

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Iodine Nutrition and the Prevalence Status of Thyroid Nodules in the Population: a Cross-sectional Survey in Heilongjiang Province, China

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Age-specific serum thyrotropin reference range for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lipid profiles in the elderly population

Age-specific serum thyrotropin reference range for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lipid profiles in the elderly population

A cross-sectional study of the relationship between the prevalence of thyroid nodules and iodine nutrition and its influencing factors based on a large sample in coastal areas

Correlation Analysis of Breast and Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study

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