Iodine status and associations with feeding practices and psychomotor milestone development in six‐month‐old South African infants

Osei, Jennifer; Baumgartner, Jeannine; Rothman, Marinel; Matsungo, Tonderayi M.; Covic, Namukolo; Faber, Mieke; Smuts, Cornelius M.

doi:10.1111/mcn.12408

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…There were three qualitative studies. [10][11][12] In the articles included in the review, breastfeeding estimates were made by asking about the current situation and by recall of past behaviour, and complementary feeding practices were obtained by the food frequency, [13][14][15][16][17] 24-hour 14,16-23 and 7-day recall of foods. Four studies 1,13,24,25 used the WHO IYCF indicators.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• < 1% were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months 17 • < 1% were exclusively breastfed at 24 weeks 22 • 6% of < 1-month-5-month-olds were exclusively breastfed 36 • 7.6% of < 12-month-olds were exclusively breastfed 37 • 12% were exclusively breastfed for 6 months 21 • 13% were exclusively breastfed for 6 months 13 • 18% were exclusively breastfed at 14 weeks 32 • 27% of 0-10-month-olds were exclusively breastfed 33 • 29.5% were exclusively breastfed at 30 days 19 • 35.6% of 3-6-month-olds were exclusively breastfed 31 • 36.5% were exclusively breastfed > 3 months 38 • 38.5% of < 6-month-olds were exclusively breastfed 24 • 40% of HIV positive and 45% of HIV negative mothers exclusively breastfed for 6 months 34 • 52% were not exclusively breastfed beyond 2 months 15 • 61.8% were exclusively breastfed in HIV infected mothers and 72.6% were exclusively breastfed in HIV uninfected mothers at 3-4 months 29 Three studies reported that there was no exclusive breastfeeding in the surveyed community 12,16,30 The duration of exclusive breastfeeding reported in studies was not standardised and this makes it difficult to draw any conclusions about this aspect of IYCF…”

Section: Criteria Findingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cereal based foods were the most popular type of complementary food (13 studies)-specifically maize meal porridge (sometimes described as soft and thin), and commercial infant cereal 10,[12][13][14][15]17,19,20,21,36,37,39,41 (6) Use of water and other non-milk liquids Water was commonly given to infants before 6 months (10 studies) 1,11,12,15,19,20,30,32,36,39 Black tea, rooibos tea, sugar water, traditional herb mixtures, gripe water, antacid preparations and ijuba (a sorghum beer) were also given to children from birth 11,12,14,19,20,36 (7) Foods of concern Processed meats, soft drinks, sweets and salty crisps were some of the foods being given to older infants and young children that are cause for concern 13,14,17 (8) Meal frequency Only four studies reported on the total number of feeds per day:…”

Section: Criteria Findingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of complementary feeding practices in South Africa

Sayed

Schönfeldt

2018

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Infant health and nutrition in South Africa are a priority, as evidenced by the political commitment and policy development history of the last 25 years. Current efforts focus on improving breastfeeding rates, but the action plan for complementary feeding receives less attention and resourcing. A thorough analysis of the current infant feeding situation is required to assist with policy and targeted programmes associated with complementary feeding. Aim: The aim of this review was to identify and collate all published research in South Africa on the complementary feeding practices of infants and young children, aged 0-24 months. Methodology: Searches included English-language research published between 2006 and 2017, within PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. All papers included in the review had to meet defined eligibility criteria. Papers older than 11 years were excluded. In total 34 papers relevant to South Africa were identified and included in this review. Main findings: Early introduction of foods and liquids other than breast milk is a common practice. Maize porridge is a common first food for infants, but there is also a high reliance on commercial infant cereal. Water and other liquids (e.g. tea, herbal mixtures) are commonly given to infants younger than six months. There is little information on the number of meals per day. The diets of many older infants do not meet the criteria for a minimally acceptable diet. Few animal source foods are used in complementary feeding. There are indications that processed meats, soft drinks, sweets and salty crisps are given regularly to older infants between six months and one year. Conclusion: Complementary feeding practices in South Africa are suboptimal and appropriate action is needed to improve this situation. Further investigation is needed on whether older infants and young children can achieve their required dietary intakes from the food that is available to them. If a change in older infant and young child feeding behaviour is desired, then existing methods and approaches need to change.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Criteria Findingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Criteria Findingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of complementary feeding practices in South Africa

Sayed

Schönfeldt

2018

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Psychomotor and socio-emotional development of the offspring is being assessed using the Protocol for Child Monitoring –Infant version (PCM-I), which combines both parental report and direct observation by trained assessors to provide a comprehensive evaluation of a child’s motor skills, cognition, language, personal and socio-emotional development [ 62 ]. The PCM-I consists of items derived from: 1) the Kilifi Developmental Inventory (KDI) [ 63 ], previously used by the investigators to determine psychomotor development in an infant population in South Africa [ 64 ], 2) the Developmental Milestone Checklist (DMC-II) [ 65 , 66 ], and 3) the Profile of Social-Emotional Development (PSED), which is based in part on the Brief Infant/Toddler Social Emotional Assessment [ 67 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition during pregnancy and early development (NuPED) in urban South Africa: a study protocol for a prospective cohort

Symington

Baumgartner

Malan

et al. 2018

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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BackgroundAdequate nutrition during pregnancy is important to ensure optimal birth outcomes, maternal health and offspring development. However, little is known about the dietary intake and nutritional status of pregnant women residing in urban South Africa. Therefore, the Nutrition during Pregnancy and Early Development (NuPED) cohort study was initiated to assess early nutrition-related exposures predictive of early childhood development in urban South Africa.MethodsThe aims of this prospective cohort study are: 1) to assess dietary intake and nutritional status of urban pregnant women in Johannesburg, South Africa, and 2) to determine associations with birth outcomes, measures of maternal health, as well as measures of offspring health and development. Pregnant women (< 18 weeks’ gestation) (n = 250) are being recruited from primary healthcare clinics in Johannesburg and are followed-up at a provincial hospital. Participants’ dietary intake and nutrient status (focus on micronutrients and fatty acids) are assessed at < 18, 22 and 36 weeks’ gestation. Additional assessments during pregnancy include anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, obstetric ultrasound screens, and assessments of food security, maternal fatigue, prenatal depression, allergy, immune function, morbidity and gestational diabetes. At birth, maternal and neonatal health is assessed and an umbilical cord blood sample collected. Maternal and offspring health is followed-up at 6 weeks, as well as at 6, ≈7.5 and 12 months after birth. Follow-up assessments of mothers include anthropometric measures, diet history, nutrient status, blood pressure, breast milk composition, and measures of postnatal depression and fatigue. Follow-up assessments of the offspring include feeding practices, nutrient status, measures of growth, psychomotor, socio-emotional and immune development, morbidity, allergy, as well as analysis of the gut microbiome and the epigenome.DiscussionEnsuring adequate nutrition during pregnancy is one of the key actions endorsed by the South African Government to promote optimal early childhood development in an effort to eradicate poverty. The results from this study may serve as a basis for the development of context-specific nutritional interventions which can improve birth outcomes and long-term quality of life of the mother and her offspring.

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“…Iodine deficiency is associated with several abnormalities which are named as IDD (8) . Some complications of iodine deficiency include goitre, lack of physical and mental development, and poor learning ability in children (9)(10)(11) . Iodine deficiency also leads to abortion, stillbirth and congenital anomalies, and increases prenatal death and infant mortality (1,(12)(13)(14) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%