Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children

Angermayr, Lucia; Clar, Christine

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003819.pub2

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Unfortunately, iodine deficiency is still prevalent in a large part of the world, including our country which is characterized by a moderate -mild iodine deficiency and a high prevalence of goitre has been reported in the Italian population (45,46). Iodine deficiency is the main cause of potentially preventable mental retardation in childhood, as well as causing goitre and hypothyroidism in people of all ages, including neonates (47,48). Specifically, the most important and frequent alterations of thyroid function due to iodine deficiency in Europe occur in neonates and young infants and the frequency of transient neonatal hypothyroidism is almost eight times higher in Europe than in North America where iodine sufficiency is present (49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997–2003)

Medda¹,

Olivieri²,

Stazi³

et al. 2005

eur j endocrinol

104

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Objective: To identify risk factors for permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Design: A population-based case-control study was carried out by using the network created in Italy for the National Register of Infants with CH. Methods: Four controls were enrolled for each new CH infant; 173 cases and 690 controls were enrolled in 4 years. In order to distinguish among risk factors for permanent and transient CH, diagnosis was re-evaluated 3 years after enrolment when there was a suspicion of transient CH being present. Familial, maternal, neonatal and environmental influences were investigated. Results: An increased risk for permanent CH was detected in twins by a multivariate analysis (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 12.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4 -62.3). A statistically significant association with additional birth defects, female gender and gestational age .40 weeks was also confirmed. Although not significant, an increased risk of CH was observed among infants with a family history of thyroid diseases among parents (OR ¼ 1.9, 95% CI: 0.7-5.2). Maternal diabetes was also found to be slightly associated with permanent CH (OR ¼ 15.7, 95% CI: 0.9-523) in infants who were large for gestational age. With regard to transient CH, intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery were independent risk factors for this form of CH. Conclusion: This study showed that many risk factors contribute to the aetiology of CH. In particular, our results suggested a multifactorial origin of CH in which genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of the disease. 153 765-773 European Journal of Endocrinology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997–2003)

Medda¹,

Olivieri²,

Stazi³

et al. 2005

eur j endocrinol

104

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“…1). Excellent reviews of these studies have been published elsewhere (2,4,41,42). We excluded one randomised trial in which iodised salt was introduced into the area during the course of the study thus compelling the authors to undertake a post hoc analysis based on final urine iodine concentrations (43).…”

Section: Maternal Iodine Supplementation and Neurodevelopmental Functmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A meta-analysis by Bleichrodt & Born (45), comprising 21 observational or quasi-randomised studies, reported a 13.5 deficit in IQ in individuals with moderate to severe iodine deficiency. A more recent Cochrane review comprising 26 prospective trials has observed a trend towards goiter reduction in iodine-supplemented children but found mixed results for cognitive and psychomotor functions (41). In a second Cochrane review of six prospective controlled trials in the general population, favourable effects of iodine supplementation were observed on goiter reduction rates (42).…”

Section: European Journal Of Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis

Taylor

Okosieme

Dayan

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

137

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Background: Although the detrimental effects of severe iodine deficiency are well recognised, the benefits of correcting mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are uncertain. Objectives: We undertook a systematic review of the impact of iodine supplementation in populations with mildto-moderate iodine deficiency. Methods: We searched Medline and the Cochrane library for relevant articles published between January 1966 and April 2013, which investigated the effect of iodine supplementation on maternal and newborn thyroid function, infant neurodevelopment and cognitive performance in school-age children. The quality of studies was graded and eligible trials were evaluated in the meta-analysis. Results: Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and eight observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Controlled trials on infant neurodevelopment were lacking; gestational iodine supplementation reduced maternal thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin and in some studies prevented a rise in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. None of the intervention trials recorded an excess frequency of thyroid dysfunction in contrast to observational studies. A pooled analysis of two RCTs which measured cognitive function in school-age children showed modest benefits of iodine supplementation on perceptual reasoning (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.55; 95% CI 0.05, 1.04; PZ0.03) and global cognitive index (SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.10, 0.44; PZ0.002) with significant heterogeneity between studies. Conclusion: Iodine supplementation improves some maternal thyroid indices and may benefit aspects of cognitive function in school-age children, even in marginally iodine-deficient areas. Further large prospective controlled studies are urgently required to clarify these findings and quantify the risk/benefits of iodine supplementation in regions previously believed to be iodine sufficient such as the UK.

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“…This definition would encompass bread with added folic acid, used to prevent neural tube defects [44], salt with added iodide to prevent hypothyroidism [45], and butter substitutes containing plant sterols as lipidmodifying agents [46], as well as beverages and fruit juices fortified with milk, soy, or other proteins for nutritional purposes. These are examples with good evidence of efficacy; the evidence base for other such foods is not always as good.…”

Section: Fortified Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining ‘nutraceuticals’: neither nutritious nor pharmaceutical

Aronson

2016

Brit J Clinical Pharma

190

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There are widespread inconsistencies and contradictions in the many published definitions of ‘nutraceuticals’ and ‘functional foods’, demonstrating wholesale uncertainty about what they actually are. Furthermore, in a 2014 lecture, the inventor of the term ‘nutraceutical’, confessing that nutraceuticals do not work, said that ‘the quest to demonstrate whether … long‐term supplementation [with nutraceuticals] can prevent serious diseases … has come to an end’. Definitions of ‘nutraceuticals’ and related terms, still widely used, should therefore be explored systematically. There are no internationally agreed definitions of ‘nutraceuticals’ and ‘functional foods’, or of similar terms, such as ‘health foods’, or of terms related to herbal products, which are sometimes referred to as ‘nutraceuticals’, compounding the confusion. ‘Nutraceuticals’ and ‘functional foods’ are vague, nondiscriminatory, unhelpful terms; the evidence suggests that they should be abandoned in favour of more precise terms. The term ‘dietary supplement’ is widely used to designate formulations that are also called ‘nutraceuticals’ but it would be better restricted to individual compounds used to treat or prevent deficiencies. ‘Fortified foods’, sometimes called ‘designer foods’, are foods to which compounds of proven therapeutic or preventive efficacy (e.g. folic acid) have been added. Other terms, such as ‘food’, ‘foodstuffs’, ‘eat’, ‘drink’, and ‘nutrition’, are well defined, as are ‘medicinal products’ and ‘pharmaceutical formulations’. Dietary regimens, such as Mediterranean or nitrate‐rich diets or vegetarianism, can affect health. A dietary regimen of this kind can be defined as a programme of food, of a defined kind and/or quantity, prescribed or adopted for the restoration or preservation of health.

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Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children

Cited by 40 publications

References 61 publications

Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997–2003)

Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997–2003)

THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis

Defining ‘nutraceuticals’: neither nutritious nor pharmaceutical

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