Ion Association

Abstract

About five years ago when one wanted to become acquainted with thin film deposition techniques and the properties of thin films there were two standard books which covered the literature published on these subjects quite adequately. These books were written by Holland and Mayer. However, in the past few years the number of papers published annually on all aspects of films has increased tremendously and it is next to impossible for one author to keep abreast of all the new developments in this rapidly expanding field. Since it is likely that the research in this area which includes optical, electrical, magnetic, and superconducting properties as well as various surface reactions and surface phenomena, just to name a few, will grow at an even faster rate in the future, there was a definite need for up-to-date survey articles on important advances in this field.The first volume of the series "Physics of Thin Films" serves this purpose very well, indeed. Quite appropriately the first article by H. L. Caswell is on ultrahigh vacuum evaporators and residual gas analysis with emphasis on the importance of the vacuum in which films are deposited in determining their characteristics. The second article by

Bulk and Surface Aqueous Speciation of Calcite: Implications for Low-Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs

“…In the PHREEQC database (see the PHREEQC standard database, phreeqc.dat), these parameters are specified for each ion. If they are not present, PHREEQC resorts to the extended Debye-Hückel or to the Davies (1962) equation. For uncharged species, A is zero, and Eq.…”

Biotite surface chemistry as a function of aqueous fluid composition

“…Proton concentration at the end of each experiment [H + ] t=t was calculated from the measured pH, such that (2) where γ i (kg mol -1 ) designates the activity coefficient of the ith aqueous species, calculated using the Davies equation (Davies, 1962), and stands for the water ionisation constant (10 -14 ; IUPAC, 2006). Combining Eqs.…”

Subsurface Transport Over Reactive Multiphases (STORM): A general, coupled, nonisothermal multiphase flow, reactive transport, and porous medium alteration simulator, Version 2 user's guide

“…In STORM, the latter approach is used. Thus, a factor that for aqueous reactions equals 1, and for surface-limited reactions it equals the effective reaction area in unit bulk volume the rate constant of reactionj the equilibrium constant of reactionj the activity coefilcient of species i the factor of the reaction order generally a nonlinear function of concentrations of aqueous species Several formulas, such as the Davies equation (Davies 1962), the Bdot equation (Helgeson 1969), and Phzer's model (Pitzer 1973), can be used to calculate activity coefficients. The Bdot equation, with modifications for neutral species (Wolery 1992), is computationally economic and stable for problems of moderately high salinity.…”

“…The banded matrix solution algorithm was extracted from the LINPACK subroutines (Dongarra et al 1979) for general nonsyrnmetric band matrixes: The algorithm operates on band matrixes by decomposing the matrix into an upper triangular and lower triangular matrix. The matrix product of the lower triangular matrix times the upper triangular matrix equals the original band matrix (that is, A =LW, where A is the band matrix, L is the lower triangular matrix and U is the upper triangular 3.15 matrix).…”