Ion chemistry of groundwater and the possible controls within Lhasa River Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau

Zhang, Tao; Wutian, Cai; Geng, Tingting; Zhang, Zhi Yong; Lv, Yonggao; Zhao, Miao; Liu, Jinwei

doi:10.1007/s12517-018-3855-1

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The ratios of Na + /(Na + + Ca 2+ ) varied from 0.31 to 0.98, with an average of 0.76, suggesting a strong cation exchange in the groundwater system [7]. Ion exchange, shown in Equations (7) and (8), is another important hydrogeochemical reaction affecting the composition of groundwater in the study region [15]. A diagram of (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ − HCO 3 − − SO 4 2− ) versus (Na + + K + − Cl − ) is a commonly used method to determine the occurrence of cation exchange processes [29].…”

Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Most of the water samples are close to the y = −x line ( Figure 5a) and only three deviated from this relationship, indicating that cation exchange plays a non-negligible role in controlling the hydrochemistry components of groundwater. The relationship of Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ versus Mg 2+ /Na + can be used to analyze soil salt leaching and evaporation [15,17]. In the early stages of water evaporation, the concentration of Mg 2+ does not increase due to soil salt leaching, nor does it decrease due to salt precipitation [15,17].…”

Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship of Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ versus Mg 2+ /Na + can be used to analyze soil salt leaching and evaporation [15,17]. In the early stages of water evaporation, the concentration of Mg 2+ does not increase due to soil salt leaching, nor does it decrease due to salt precipitation [15,17]. As shown in Figure 5b, groundwater samples were clearly divided into two zones.…”

Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, anthropogenic sources have become a dominant factor affecting the groundwater environment [13,14]. In previous studies, hydrochemical methods, such as Gibbs diagrams, Piper trilinear graphs, saturation index (SI), and ion ratio graphs, have commonly been used to determine which hydrogeochemical processes are occurring and the controlling factors in these processes [15][16][17][18]. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and percentage sodium (% Na) are popular methods used to determine the quality of groundwater and evaluating it for drinking and/or irrigation uses [19,20].The alluvial-diluvial plain in southwestern Shandong Province is an important agricultural economic zone and energy base in Shandong Province.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Alluvial-Diluvial Plain of Southwest Shandong Province, China

Gao

Liu

Feng

et al. 2019

Water

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The alluvial-diluvial plain of southwest Shandong Province is an important agricultural economic zone and energy base in Shandong Province. Groundwater plays an extremely significant role in the development of the regional social economy. In this study, 50 sets of water samples, collected from 25 wells during October 2016 and June 2017, were utilized to determine the hydrogeochemistry and the suitability of groundwater in the alluvial-diluvial plain of southwest Shandong Province for different applications, such as drinking and irrigation. Most of the water samples could be classified as hard-fresh water or hard-brackish water, and the dominant water types were HCO 3 -Na and mixed types. Water-rock interactions and evaporation were the dominant controlling factors in the formation of the hydrochemical components in the groundwater. Dissolutions of silicate, calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the major reactions contributing and defining the groundwater chemistry in this plain. Moreover, cation exchange is a non-negligible hydrogeochemical process in this plain. Calculated saturation index (SI) values indicate that aragonite, calcite and dolomite are saturated, while the SI values for gypsum and halite are unsaturated. Based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the groundwater quality ranges from excellent to very poor. More than 50% of all groundwater samples from 2016 are categorized as poor or very poor, suggesting that the water from these wells is not suitable for drinking. According to the sodium adsorption ratio and percentage sodium, most of the samples are suitable for agricultural irrigation. Overall, the quality of the groundwater in 2017 was found to be better than in 2016. Therefore, in order to ensure access to clean water for the growing population, one needs to protect and utilize water resources carefully and sensibly. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to understand the origins and hydrochemistry of water. These two, seemingly simple aspects are at the center of many worldwide principal, social, and environmental programs [7,8].Evaluation of the hydrogeochemical characteristics and the suitability of groundwater for different uses has been extensively researched around the world [7][8][9][10][11][12]. These studies indicate that the hydrochemical composition and water quality of groundwater are influenced by natural factors (such as water-rock interactions, climate change, geological conditions, etc.) and anthropogenic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and domestic sewage discharge [7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, anthropogenic sources have become a dominant factor affecting the groundwater environment [13,14]. In previous studies, hydrochemical methods, such as Gibbs diagrams, Piper trilinear graphs, saturation index (SI), and ion ratio graphs, have commonly been used to determine which hydrogeochemical processes are occurring and the controlling factors in these processes [15][16][17][18]. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and percentage sodium (% Na...

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Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processes Influencing Groundwater Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Alluvial-Diluvial Plain of Southwest Shandong Province, China

Gao

Liu

Feng

et al. 2019

Water

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“…The LRB, with a total area of 3.29 × 10 4 km 2 (accounting for about 13.5% of the YTRB area), is a densely populated region in Tibet with industrial activities such as manufacturing, mining, and geothermal energy production (Zhang et al 2018). LRB is rich in the mineral resources (e.g., lead, zinc, copper).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals to aquatic organisms in the Lhasa River, Tibet, China

Mao

Zhang

Tong

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The Lhasa River is the largest and most important tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River on the Tibetan Plateau, China. It is an important source of drinking water and irrigation for the inhabitants living in the watershed. Despite the increasing focus on water chemistry, the ecological risk assessment (ERA) caused by heavy metals to aquatic organisms in the Lhasa River has not been performed before. Based on the documented monitoring data for heavy metals, the species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) method was applied in this study. The potential ecological risks induced by eight major heavy metals (including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in the Lhasa River to four typical categories of freshwater organisms, including insects, crustaceans, fish, and mollusks, were assessed in different water periods (e.g., high, normal, and low water-periods). Results suggested that the downstream part of the Lhasa River and the Meldromarchu and Tölungchu tributaries are the principal zones for the high aquatic ecological risks. For most of the monitoring sites, the ecological risks decreased in the following order: high-water period > normal-water period > low-water period. During the high-water period, Cu had the highest ecological risks for all selected species. For the insects, the ecological risks were quite low (< 1%) throughout the year. These results suggested that particular attention should be paid to the contamination of certain heavy metals (e.g., Cu and Cr) in the future water management in the Lhasa River.

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Levels, origins and probabilistic health risk appraisal for trace elements in drinking water from Lhasa, Tibet

Peng

Xiao

Zou

et al. 2022

Environ Geochem Health

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Ion chemistry of groundwater and the possible controls within Lhasa River Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Alluvial-Diluvial Plain of Southwest Shandong Province, China

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Alluvial-Diluvial Plain of Southwest Shandong Province, China

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals to aquatic organisms in the Lhasa River, Tibet, China

Levels, origins and probabilistic health risk appraisal for trace elements in drinking water from Lhasa, Tibet

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