Ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate by post-column indirect fluorescence detection

Stalikas, Constantine D.; Konidari, Constantina N.; Nanos, Christos G.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00735-0

Cited by 41 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…2 Moreover, nitrite is widely recognized to protect against Clostridium botulinum spores, assisting in the prevention of botulism. 3 In addition to cured meats, nitrogen species occur naturally in vegetables consumed by humans. The nitrate ion is the main species present, because plants take up nitrogen from the soil in this form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylene Violet 3 RAX Dye as a New Reagent for the Determination of Nitrite in Cured Meats and Vegetables

Rocha

Petruci

Cardoso

2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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In this contribution we propose, for the first time, the use of Methylene Violet 3 RAX dye for the detection and determination of nitrite in cured meats and vegetables. Quantification is based on the decrease in absorbance of the dye, which is proportional to the nitrite concentration. The proposed method presents linear response (r > 0.99) in the range from 1.8 to 9 μmol L -1 of nitrite, with a limit of detection of 0.14 μmol L -1 . Satisfactory accuracy with the official Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) method was achieved, and the method was successfully applied to a wide range of cured meats and vegetables. The proposed method offers similar or superior performance to other optical methods used for the determination of nitrite in different matrices, with advantage in terms of reduction of chemical waste for each analysis, by minimizing amounts of reagents and products.Keywords: nitrite, food analysis, cured meat, spectrophotometry, Methylene Violet 3RAX IntroductionNitrite was first recognized as an active component in the meat curing process at the end of the 19 th century. 1The presence of nitrite as an impurity in salt resulted in an attractive red color in cured meats such as bacon, ham, and sausages, and also enhanced the flavor. 2 Moreover, nitrite is widely recognized to protect against Clostridium botulinum spores, assisting in the prevention of botulism.3 In addition to cured meats, nitrogen species occur naturally in vegetables consumed by humans. The nitrate ion is the main species present, because plants take up nitrogen from the soil in this form. Nitrates can be reduced to nitrites due to the action of bacteria. 4It is well known that once in the stomach, nitrite can react with secondary and tertiary amines to form N-nitroso compounds.5 Exposure to N-nitrosamines shows a strong association with increased risk of gastric and esophageal cancer. 6 In addition, nitrite ions oxidize iron atoms in the hemoglobin of red blood cells, forming methemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and leading to the disease known as methemoglobinemia. 7High concentrations of nitrite in drinking water can be hazardous to health, especially in the case of infants and pregnant women. Due to these toxic effects, agencies worldwide regulate the nitrite content of foods. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) for nitrite of 0-0.07 mg kg -1 body weight per day was established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 9 The Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the federal regulatory agency responsible for the monitoring of food additives in Brazil, has established a concentration limit for nitrite in cured meats of 150 mg kg -1 . 1529 Vol. 28, No. 8, 2017 electrochemistry. 6 Separation techniques (i.e., high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) provide suitable sensitivity, however they are usually time-consuming, laborious and require bulkiness and expensive instruments. Electrochemical methods generally s...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylene Violet 3 RAX Dye as a New Reagent for the Determination of Nitrite in Cured Meats and Vegetables

Rocha

Petruci

Cardoso

2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Simultaneous determination of both ions is usually accomplished by several methods such as ion chromatography [1][2], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [3] and capillary electrophoresis [4][5]. However, their instrumentation is expensive, needs the separation step, and is not suitable for their use for analysis of large number of samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple flow-injection system for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in water samples*1

Burakham

Oshima

Grudpan

et al. 2004

Talanta

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A novel spectrophotometric reaction system was developed for the determination of nitrite, as well as nitrate, in water samples, and was applied to a flow injection analysis.The spectrophotometric flow-injection system coupled with a copperised cadmium reductor column was proposed. The detection was based on the nitrosation reaction between nitrite ion and phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), a commercially available phenolic compound.Sample injected into a carrier stream was split into two streams at the Y-shaped connector.One of the streams merged directly and reacted with the reagent stream: nitrite ion in the samples was detected. The other stream was passed through the copperised cadmium reductor column, where the reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurred, and the sample zone was then mixed with the reagent stream and passed through the detector: the sum of nitrate and nitrite was detected. The optimized conditions allow a linear calibration range of 0.03-0.30 μg NO 2 --N/ml and 0.10-1.00 μg NO 3 --N/ml. The detection limits for nitrite and nitrate, defined as three-times the standard deviation of measured blanks, are 2.9 ng NO 2 --N/ml and 2.3 ng NO 3 --N/ml, respectively. Up to 20 samples can be analysed per hour with a relative * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-86-251-7846 E-mail address: motomizu@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp (S. Motomizu) standard deviation of less than 1.5%. The proposed method could be applied successfully to the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in water samples.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The quenching of fluorescence was typically used for metal cations, but the ability of halide ions to quench fluorescence has also been reported to involve quinine sulfate 1,2 and other dyes. [3][4][5][6][7] Fluorescence quenching has been utilized for the detection of non-fluorescent species in various separation methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7] Fluorescence quenching has been utilized for the detection of non-fluorescent species in various separation methods. [8][9][10][11] Amankwa and Kuhr 8 accomplished indirect fluorimetric detection using quinine sulfate as the visualization agent in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. They found that the detection mechanism involved a combination of displacement of the fluorophore from the micelle by the analytes and net reduction of the quantum efficiency of the fluorophore in the sample zone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They demonstrated fluorescence quenching as a method of identification for non-fluorescent compounds, using quinine as a fluorescent counter ion. Stalikas et al 11 reported an ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate by postcolumn indirect fluorescence detection with tryptophan as the fluorescent agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indirect Detection of Halide Ions via Fluorescence Quenching of Quinine Sulfate in Microcolumn Ion Chromatography

Takeuchi

Sumida

2004

ANAL. SCI.

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Quenching of fluorescence is a well-known physicochemical phenomenon that has been utilized for the selective determination of quenching species. 1-11The quenching of fluorescence was typically used for metal cations, but the ability of halide ions to quench fluorescence has also been reported to involve quinine sulfate 1,2 and other dyes. [3][4][5][6][7] Fluorescence quenching has been utilized for the detection of non-fluorescent species in various separation methods. [8][9][10][11] Amankwa and Kuhr 8 accomplished indirect fluorimetric detection using quinine sulfate as the visualization agent in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. They found that the detection mechanism involved a combination of displacement of the fluorophore from the micelle by the analytes and net reduction of the quantum efficiency of the fluorophore in the sample zone. Smith and El Rassi 9 also employed N-phenylnaphthylamine (PNA) as a background fluorophore for indirect fluorimetric detection in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The negative signal was primarily the result of quenching of the PNA by the analyte in the micelle's core. Reijenga et al. 10 presented an apparatus for simultaneous fluorescence and UV absorption detection in isotachophoresis. They demonstrated fluorescence quenching as a method of identification for non-fluorescent compounds, using quinine as a fluorescent counter ion. Stalikas et al. 11 reported an ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate by postcolumn indirect fluorescence detection with tryptophan as the fluorescent agent.Conductimetric and indirect UV absorption detection have been commonly utilized in ion chromatography. However, these detection methods are relatively universal and sometimes encounter a difficulty in identification of analytes, especially for complex mixtures. Selective detection is therefore preferred in the determination of ions of interest in a complex matrix. On the other hand, microcolumn ion chromatography has attracted a great deal of attention because it provides advantages over conventional ion chromatography in terms of mass sensitivity and decreased consumption of eluents. 12 Conductivity detectors for microcolumn ion chromatography are not commercially available, and direct UV and indirect UV absorption detection have been therefore utilized in microcolumn ion chromatography.Fluorimetric detection has been widely utilized in liquid chromatography because it provides sensitive and selective detection. Since most inorganic ions are not fluorescent, indirect fluorimetric detection is a good way for the determination of inorganic ions when fluorimetric detectors are used. However, there are few fluorescent ions available for the ion chromatography eluent, involving cerium(III) and salicylate. Indirect fluorimetric detection based on quenching is another option for the determination of ions in ion chromatography since there are a number of candidates. Indirect fluorimetric detection based on quenching is promising i...

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Ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate by post-column indirect fluorescence detection

Cited by 41 publications

References 19 publications

Methylene Violet 3 RAX Dye as a New Reagent for the Determination of Nitrite in Cured Meats and Vegetables

Methylene Violet 3 RAX Dye as a New Reagent for the Determination of Nitrite in Cured Meats and Vegetables

Simple flow-injection system for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in water samples*1

Indirect Detection of Halide Ions via Fluorescence Quenching of Quinine Sulfate in Microcolumn Ion Chromatography

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