Ion Exchange Resin Catalyzed Reactions—An Overview

The Functionality of Ion Exchange Resins for Esterification, Transesterification and Hydrogenation Reactions

“…These interactions are largely as a result of the nature of the ions and the electrostatic chemical interactions. [3,27] Wang [20] screened various types of heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts namely: Y-zeolite, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulphuric acid, ZSM-5 and various forms of resins for the preparation of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers. Ionic resins were found to be more effective with respect to selectivity and activity.…”

“…For instance, the production of methyl tert-butyl ether, [36,37] esters production [38] and ketones production. [3] Furthermore, researches have been carried out on industrial processes and reactions using acid-base solid catalysts. [17] Interestingly, as a result of the ionic nature of ion resins, modifications of the resin's sites are also possible by substituting the ions with other ionic species such as metallic ions.…”

“…[1,2] Figure 1 presents a resin structure made up of macro and micro pores; the macro pores providing routes for faster diffusion of reactants and a population of micro pores housing the ion exchange sites which are responsible for its activity. [3][4][5] The distribution of the macro and micro pores of the resin has a direct link to its effectiveness and functionality. [6] The specific and selective nature of ion exchange resins allows for its use in a wide range of separation processes.…”

“…Hence, relating the activity of resins as catalyst can be deceptive. [3] IER utilizes a technique whereby generated mobilized ions present in an aqueous phase are interchanged using ions attached to functional groups located in a solid mass. [3,8] Positively charged functional group attracts anions while negatively charged functional group attract cations.…”

“…[3] IER utilizes a technique whereby generated mobilized ions present in an aqueous phase are interchanged using ions attached to functional groups located in a solid mass. [3,8] Positively charged functional group attracts anions while negatively charged functional group attract cations. [9][10][11] Researchers have also tried to remove charged ions (positively charged and negatively) from solution by employing resins (cation and anion) in a fixed bed setup.…”