Ion modulatory treatments toward functional self-assembled neocartilage

Unraveling cartilage degeneration through synergistic effects of hydrostatic pressure and biomimetic temperature increase

“…These molecular regulators, which are produced through biophysical stimulations, hold promise as alternatives to pharmaceutical solutions, potentially achieving similar stimulatory effects in situations where using a bioreactor may be difficult. 39 …”

Stimuli-responsive microcarriers and their application in tissue repair: A review of magnetic and electroactive microcarrier

“…It is worth noting that the concentration of SPIONs must be limited to an appropriate range, and some studies have shown that concentrations below 100 mg/mL may contribute to iron metabolism and storage in the human body [ 70 ]. Once iron ions overload occurs, it will lead to procedural ferroptosis [ 71 ] after cell phagocytosis, and the Fenton reaction produce excessive reactive oxygen, which will inhibit the expression of genes related to cartilage ECM synthesis [ 72 ] and the activity of osteoblasts [ 73 ], thus leading to tissue repair failure. Therefore, the size and concentration of SPIONs combined with microcarriers should be given consideration.…”

The Role of HIF-1α in Bone Regeneration: A New Direction and Challenge in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Iron chelators reduce the hydroxylation of proline and asparagine of HIF-1α by strongly binding to Fe 2+ , which reduces the subsequent ubiquitination degradation and dysfunction induced by the inability to bind to CBP/p300 for the formation of the transcriptional complex [169,170]. The most common iron chelators include deferoxamine (DFO) and some specific metal ions, such as cobalt and copper [171][172][173][174][175]. Cobalt ions, especially CoCl 2 , are known to compete with Fe 2+ in the context of binding to PHD, which stabilizes the expression of HIF-1α to promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration in a normoxic environment.…”