Ion transfer from water to mixtures of formamide and water studied by polarography at the electrolyte | solution dropping electrode

Real Structure of Formamide Entrapped by AOT Nonaqueous Reverse Micelles: FT-IR and 1H NMR Studies

“…These results suggested that these cations are solvated preferentially by FA molecules which replace water molecules in the solvation sphere of the cations when FA is added to water. Also, the negative Δ G tr 0,W-FA of alkali cations was explained by considering the additional negative charge on the oxygen atom in FA due to mobile π electrons on N−CO induced by alkali-metal ions, which enhances the solvation of the cations for FA. ,,,− …”

Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Cations from Water to Mixed Aqueous Organic Solvents

“…A newer voltammetric method that appears promising is VITIES ( v oltammetry for i on t ransfer at the i nterface of two immiscible e lectrolyte s olutions). , Here the dme is replaced by an electrolyte solution in a solvent such as nitrobenzene that is immiscible with water as well as the target (aqueous) solvent. When coupled with a tetraphenylborate reference electrode, this technique can give values directly on the TATB scale (see section II.B.3).…”

“…The changes in Gibbs energies for cations transferring from water to aqueous formamide are summarized in Table . Almost all of the data have been reported on the TATB scale in a single study, using the novel method of VITIES 17 Standard Molar Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Cations from Water to Water + Formamide (FA) Mixtures at 298.15 K Δ t G °(ion)/kJ mol -1 , molarity-scaleion\100 x 102030405060708090100methodrefstatus H + −14.8 −20.0 −23.2 −25.6 −27.0 −28.0 −28.4 191 Na + −2.8 −4.2 −5.0 −5.8 −6.4 −6.9 −7.3 −7.7 −8.0 −8.2 TATB 52 K + −3.1 −4.3 −5.0 −5.8 −6.4 −6.9 −7.3 −7.7 −8.0 −8.3 TATB 52 Rb + −2.8 −3.9 −4.7 −5.5 −6.0 −6.6 −7.0 −7.4 −7.7 −7.9 TATB 52 Cs + −3.0 −3.7 −4.3 −4.7 −4.9 −5.3 −5.6 −5.8 −6.0 −6.0 TATB 52 Me 4 N + a −1.3 −1.7 −1.8 −1.9 −1.9 −1.9 −1.7 −1.3 −1.3 −1.3 TATB 52 Et 4 N + a −2.8 −3.9 −4.6 −5.2 −5.5 −5.8 −6.1 −6.4 −6.8 −7.1 TATB 52 Cu 2+ −3.5 −3.6 −4.5 −5.1 −5.8 −6.3 −6.9 −7.6 −8.2 −8.4 NLJP 192 a Data for unsymmetrical tetraalkyl-, phenyltrimethyl-, and benzyltri...…”

Voltammetry of Ion Transfer at a Water–Toluene Micro‐ Interface

“…[1][2][3][4][5] To date, primarily nitrobenzene (NB) and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) have been used as the Os olution for voltammetrics tudies of the W j Oi nterface, because of their low mutual solubility with water and ratherhighd ielectric constant (e, % 10-15), and thus are suitable for as upporting electrolyte (SE). Other Os pecies, such as 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), [6,7] 2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene, [8] o-dichlorobenzene, [9,10] 2-heptanone, [11] 2-octanone, [11,12] chloroform, [13] 1,6-dichlorohexane, [14] 1,4-dichlorobutane, [14] acetophenone, [15] n-octanol, [13,16] a,a,a-trifluorotoluene, [17] 5-nonanone, [12] room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL), [18][19][20] and mixed solvents, [10,21,22] are also useful for VITIES, but the low e ( % 2) of aromatich ydrocarbon solvents, in general,r esultsi nl ow solubility of the SE. The interface between Wa nd an aromatic hydrocarbon such as toluene is utilized in solvente xtraction, [23,24] and over the past several decades the formation of nanoparticles and thin-layer films at the W j toluene interface has been studied extensive-ly.…”