Ionic alkylleads in herring gulls from the Great Lakes region

Forsyth, Don; Marshall, William D.

doi:10.1021/es00152a012

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Laboratory and field experiments confirmed the capability of tetra-and trialkyllead to accumulate in mussels (Chau et al, 1988), snails (Krisnan et al, 1988), fish (Wong et al, 1989;Forsyth et al, 1990;Neves et al, 1990) and birds (Bull et al, 1983;Forsyth and Marshall, 1986). For aquatic organisms the accumulation of organic lead is most pronounced in fish, due to their high lipid content (Wong et al, 1981).…”

Section: Seawatermentioning

confidence: 86%

Distribution of total and organic lead in the Šibenik region (Eastern Adriatic)

Branica

1992

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

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The distribution of inorganic and organic lead species in atmospheric and surface waters from the Sibenik area (central part of the Eastern Adriatic coast) was investigated. The concentration range of lead compounds in rainwater was 12,000 to 57,000 ng Pb L-1 for total lead, and 10 to 96 ng Pb L-1 for ionic alkyllead compounds (mostly in the form of trialkyl derivatives). In seawater, trialkyllead compounds were detected in concentration from <0.5 to 12.5 ng Pb-1 L, which represented 0.5 to 6.8% of the total lead. These results were compared with data obtained elsewhere, and the influence of lead compounds emitted from leaded gasoline (from automobiles and gasoline stations) on the adjacent water body is elucidated.

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Section: Seawatermentioning

confidence: 86%

Distribution of total and organic lead in the Šibenik region (Eastern Adriatic)

Branica

1992

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

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“…Arbitrarily, it had been decided initially to attempt to develop a single combination of mixed enzymes which it was hoped would be applicable to all sample matrices. Previous studies 41 had indicated that a combination of crude proteases and lipases efficiently hydrolysed avian egg yolk. Initial studies were limited to this combination of enzymes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymic Digestion–High-pressure Homogenization Prior to Slurry Introduction Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Selenium in Plant and Animal Tissues

Tan¹,

Marshall²

1997

Analyst

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Homogenization, in combination with partial enzymic digestion with a crude protease alone or admixed with lipase or cellulase, was investigated as a means of releasing Se residues from zoological and botanical matrices prior to slurry introduction ETAAS. Preliminary timed trials with two zoological certified reference materials (CRMs), one botanical CRM and one animal feed indicated that Se release became quantitative with 4-8 h of digestion, that homogenization prior to digestion increased the initial rate of analyte release, but that homogenization post-digestion and immediately prior to ETAAS did not significantly improve the precision of replicate digestions. Storage of the crude botanical digests at 4 °C for 5 d resulted in quantitative recoveries of Se from each of the digests. Storage at 4 °C for 10 d of 4 and 8 h lipase/protease digests of six other CRMs resulted in quantitative recoveries of Se unless their certified concentrations were appreciably less than the levels determined in control digests containing the enzyme(s) alone. Apparently, Se residues were transferred virtually quantitatively to the liquid phase of the digested suspension and showed no tendency to segregate during the 10 d of storage. Eight other mixtures of ground plant matter (0.13 @ [Se] @ 1.31 mg g 21 ), formulated as animal feed supplements, behaved identically when stored post-digestion. The technique was also applied successfully to freeze-dried fresh and boiled fish tissues The principal advantages of the enzymic digestion procedure are its simplicity and lack of operator intervention.

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“…The other deproteination approach is enzymatic hydrolysis, which is conducted by hydrolyzing biomolecules, mainly proteins, through the action of enzymes. This hydrolysis breaks down certain bonds of proteins under the action of enzymes, leading to the release of some metal species from biological and environmental samples . However, enzymatic hydrolysis has not yet been reported for breaking the binding between TCs and proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This hydrolysis breaks down certain bonds of proteins under the action of enzymes, [20] leading to the release of some metal species from biological and environmental samples. [21,22] However, enzymatic hydrolysis has not yet been reported for breaking the binding between TCs and proteins. We also note that enzymatic hydrolysis presents many advantages over conventional sample pretreatment procedures, but it requires long operation time with typical hydrolysis times of 12-24 h. [23] Recently, we have become interested at the chemical effects of ultrasound (US).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ultrasound irradiation on enzymatic hydrolysis of protein and application for the determination of tetracyclines in complex matrices

Qian

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The widespread use of tetracyclines (TCs) in food animals has led to concerns regarding unsafe residue levels in feed, food and manure. The determination of TCs in such matrices suffers from interference by the interactions between proteins and TCs. Three deproteination methods were compared in this study. In contrast with acid deproteination, which caused a large loss of TCs due to the strong adsorption of TCs on protein precipitates, a normal enzymatic hydrolysis was confirmed to have a merit of effectively releasing TCs from protein matrices, but required treatment time as long as 16 h. The adoption of ultrasound irradiation was proposed to shorten the enzymatic hydrolysis time. After investigating the effects of ultrasound power and irradiation time, the conditions of the ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized as ultrasound power of 100 W and irradiation time of 6 min. The ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of 6 min yielded recovery of TCs (from protein-containing matrices) as high as that obtained by the normal enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of 16 h. The acceleration effect of ultrasound irradiation was attributed to ultrasound-induced cavitation, which increased exposure of both the functional groups of trypsin and the C-terminal amino acid in the protein that was a cleavage site for trypsin attack. When the ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis method was used to determine TCs in complex matrices, it was found that this new method achieved recoveries of 89.5, 117.7, 110.4 and 100.0% for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline, being much higher than those (29.6-39.4%) obtained using the common acid deproteination process. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ionic alkylleads in herring gulls from the Great Lakes region

Cited by 39 publications

References 28 publications

Distribution of total and organic lead in the Šibenik region (Eastern Adriatic)

Distribution of total and organic lead in the Šibenik region (Eastern Adriatic)

Enzymic Digestion–High-pressure Homogenization Prior to Slurry Introduction Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Selenium in Plant and Animal Tissues

Effects of ultrasound irradiation on enzymatic hydrolysis of protein and application for the determination of tetracyclines in complex matrices

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