Ionic conductivity and viscosity correlations in liquid electrolytes for incorporation into PVDF gel electrolytes

Southall, Jake; Hubbard, Hugh V.St.A.; Johnston, Sean F.; Rogers, V.; Davies, G. R.; McIntyre, J. E.; Ward, I. M.

doi:10.1016/0167-2738(96)00040-9

Cited by 98 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the case of gel electrolyte, due to highly dense matrix, the mobility of the ions is low as compared to liquid electrolyte. [ 35 ] Thus, the percolation of ions inside the porous electrode takes longer time than in the case of liquid electrolyte. Hence with increasing cycle number, deeper pores of the electrode material get accessed by the ions of the electrolyte, which in turn, gradually increases the capacitance of the device.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Stable Laser‐Scribed Flexible Planar Microsupercapacitor Using Mushroom Derived Carbon Electrodes

Yadav

Basu

Suryawanshi

et al. 2016

Adv Materials Inter

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not well-suited with the planar geometry of most electronic devices. Hence, planar interdigitated microscale charge storage devices are gaining importance over conventional fl ip-chip devices. [1][2][3] Fabrication of such microscale electronic devices is a major challenge because the methods used have to be facile, effi cient, and compatible with those used in the other fl exible device fabrication protocols. Various techniques such as lithography, physical vapor deposition using shadow mask, sputtering, laser writing, etc., have been used to fabricate planar interdigitated microsupercapacitors till date. [4][5][6] Except the laser-based methods most other methods are somewhat complicated or time consuming. Of course, they do have specifi c advantages of concurrent wafer scale processing and scalability that cannot be underplayed. Laser-based device fabrication methods are however mostly single step, simple, and fast. Most of these have used laser power for the synthesis or direct writing of conducting carbon. [7][8][9] In this paper, we report an even simpler and faster method of device fabrication using fast CO 2 laser scribing of a layer of mushroom-synthesized conducting carbon to fabricate a planar microsupercapacitor on a fl exible substrate. This approach can be easily extended to other presynthesized forms of carbon for electrochemical doublelayer capacitors (EDLCs) or metal oxides/sulfi des for pseudocapacitors. We also point out that the mushroom-synthesized carbon in our case is formed by using a specifi c hydrothermal preprocessing protocol not used before and naturally renders few layer graphene-graphitic composite that offers the concurrent advantage of fl exibility and high conductivity. Mushroom has been used earlier as a precursor for carbon synthesis [ 10,11 ] but in these works precarbonization at low temperature of 500 °C was employed instead of hydrothermal preprocessing (used in the present work) before activation.Flexible planar microsupercapacitors have some serious issues like low energy density and low stability that limit its practical application. To improve the device performance, the quality of the electrode plays a signifi cant role. It has been reported that mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in EDLCs show great promise for microsupercapacitors both in terms of stability and energy density. [ 12 ] This type of material also offers A report is presented on the fabrication of all solid-state interdigitated fl exible microsupercapacitor using ultrafast and highly scalable laser scribing technique, using highly mesoporous carbon synthesized from biomass (mushroom) with hydrothermal preprocessing. The specifi c protocol used for carbon synthesis renders some unique property features to the material (surface area of 2604 m² g −1 with hierarchical pore size distribution) in the context of supercapacitor electrode application. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-H 2 SO 4 gel electrolyte is used for electrochemical measurements. The microsupercapacitor shows high cyclic stability up to 15000 cycles....

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Stable Laser‐Scribed Flexible Planar Microsupercapacitor Using Mushroom Derived Carbon Electrodes

Yadav

Basu

Suryawanshi

et al. 2016

Adv Materials Inter

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“…VTF behavior is somewhat surprising as it is usually believed that liquid electrolytes follow Arrhenius behavior. However, some authors have reported VTF behaviour for liquid electrolytes as well [4,5].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conductivity variation of the liquid electrolyte, EC : PC : LiCF3SO3 with salt concentration

Dissanayake

2006

Sri Lankan J Phys

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It is a well known fact that liquid electrolytes inherit better conductivity values than other electrolytes such as solid electrolytes and polymer electrolytes. Basically, a liquid electrolyte consists of a salt dissolved in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Their conductivity values therefore depend on the salt concentration as well as solvent concentration. Present study is based on the liquid electrolyte, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 -LiTF). Its conductivity variation with the salt concentration was investigated using AC impedance spectroscopy. The maximum conductivity observed at room temperature (RT) was 2.80 x 10 -3 S cm -1 at the salt concentration of 0.85 mol kg -1 . To explore the reasons governing the conductivity below and above that salt concentration, viscosity measurements were done using a Ostwalds viscometer. Upto the salt concentration of 0.85 mol kg -1 , conductivity increases. Hence, it can be assumed that due to the increment of charge carrier concentration with salt concentration, conductivity increases upto 0.85 mol kg -1 . After that, the effect of viscosity may dominate resulting in conductivity reduction. According to the observations, with the salt concentration, viscosity increased. The carrier mobility and hence, the conductivity decrease with viscosity. Conductivity variation with temperature of all samples followed the Vogel Tamman Fulcher (VTF) behaviour.

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“…7 [9] and Southall et al [24]. Balance between conductivity and gelled properties could only be achieved in electrolytes with 19 wt.% SAN.…”

Section: Conductivity and Viscosity Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of styrene–acrylonitrile content on 0.5 M NaI/0.05 M I2 liquid electrolyte encapsulation for dye-sensitized solar cells

Tan

Alias

Ismail

et al. 2011

J Solid State Electrochem

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The effect of a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) as the redox electrolyte used in dye-sensitized solar cells was studied. A GPE solution consisting of 0.5 M sodium iodide, 0.05 M iodine, and ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (1:1 w/w) binary solvents was mixed with increasing amounts of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN). Bulk conductivity measurements show a decreasing trend from 4.54 to 0.83×10 −3 S cm −1 with increasing SAN content. The GPE exhibits Newtonian-like behavior and its viscosity increases from 0.041 to 1.093 Pa s with increasing SAN content. A balance between conductivity (1.3×10 −3 S cm −1 ) and viscosity (1.4 Pa s) is observed at 19 wt.% SAN. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detects elevated ring torsion at 706 cm −1 upon the addition of SAN into the liquid electrolyte. This indicates that SAN does not bond with the liquid electrolyte. Finally, the potential stability window of 19 wt.% SAN, which ranges from −1.68 to 1.38 V, proves its applicability in solar cells.

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Ionic conductivity and viscosity correlations in liquid electrolytes for incorporation into PVDF gel electrolytes

Cited by 98 publications

References 16 publications

Highly Stable Laser‐Scribed Flexible Planar Microsupercapacitor Using Mushroom Derived Carbon Electrodes

Highly Stable Laser‐Scribed Flexible Planar Microsupercapacitor Using Mushroom Derived Carbon Electrodes

Conductivity variation of the liquid electrolyte, EC : PC : LiCF3SO3 with salt concentration

Effect of styrene–acrylonitrile content on 0.5 M NaI/0.05 M I2 liquid electrolyte encapsulation for dye-sensitized solar cells

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