Ionic liquid as a complexation and extraction medium combined with high-performance liquid chromatography in the evaluation of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) speciation in wastewater samples

Recent trends in nanomaterial-based microanalytical systems for the speciation of trace elements: A critical review

“…[103,104], ion phosphates for SPE [105], Triton X-100 for CPE [106], and C 18 for reverse phase chromatography [107,108]. Regardless of the nanomaterials and techniques selected for Cr speciation (Table 1), these analyses generally involve the use of sorbents for separation and preconcentration of Cr(III) rather than Cr(VI).…”

Aspects of Speciation

“…Depending on the nature of the analyte as well as the sample, there are several extraction procedures mentioned in the literature. Detailed extraction procedures for specifi c analytes and media will be discussed in detail in the following chapters, basically liquid-liquid extraction (El-Shahawi et al 2007, Ying et al 2011, Pena-Pereira et al 2009), liquid solid extraction (Narin et al 2008, Erdoğan et al 2011) and enzymatic extraction (Pardo-Martinez 2001).…”

Development of a novel, fast, sensitive method for chromium speciation in wastewater based on an organic polymer as solid phase extraction material combined with HPLC–ICP-MS

“…Thus appropriate matrix separation and preconcentration procedure is highly necessary to remove the interference as well as enrich concentration of the targets. These reports have described various extraction and preconcentration methods including dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [10], ionic liquid extraction [11], cloud point extraction (CPE) [12,13] and solid phase extraction (SPE) [14,15]. Among the described preconcentration methods, SPE has been proved to be the most efficient protocol for the preconcentration of ultra-trace metal species.…”