Ionic Liquid as Catalyst for Solid−Liquid Phase Transfer Catalyzed Synthesis of p-Nitrodiphenyl Ether

Abstract

The novelties of solid−liquid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of p-nitrodiphenyl ether from p-nitrochlorobenzene and potassium phenoxide were studied in detail with ionic liquids as phase transfer catalysts among others. Tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide was found to be the best catalyst leading to 100% selectivity toward the desired product p-nitrodiphenyl ether. Ionic liquids offer excellent conversions and selectivity, stability at high temperatures, and reusability in this reaction. A mathematical model was developed to study the kinetics of the reaction and used to extract both the rate constant and ion-exchange equilibrium constant. The contribution of the uncatalyzed reaction was also considered in this model. The activation energy and Gibb’s free energy for a combined ion exchange were also calculated. Microwave irradiation was also employed as an effective alternative to conventional heating.

SO2Capture by Guanidinium-Based Ionic Liquids: A Theoretical Study

“…Room-temperature ionic liquids, simply known as ionic liquids (ILs), are defined as a class of organic salts with melting points below 100 °C . Owing to some unique physical and chemical properties, ILs have been receiving an upsurge of interest as neoteric solvents in the last few decades and being studied in a variety of fields such as separation, organic synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry, fuel and solar cells, lubricants, and functional materials, etc. − …”

“…In such IL-based processes, there is no concurrent loss of solvents, some purification processes for objective gas are simplified, and the energy consumption and cost are reduced. Some other desirable properties of ILs include wide liquidus range (from below ambient to well over 300−400 °C), high thermal stability (cannot decompose at < ∼300 °C), good solvent ability (dissolving both organic and inorganic compounds), and nonflammability. − The applications of ILs in some gas processes are also favored when some harsh operation conditions are encountered (e.g., high temperature in the case of flue gas).…”

Gas-liquid acetylene hydrochlorination under nonmercuric catalysis using ionic liquids as reaction media

“…Therefore, ILs have attracted enormous interest in many research fields in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Herein, we report our efforts in finding some novel reaction systems for acetylene hydrochlorination by using nonvolatile ILs as reaction media, such as The gas-liquid acetylene hydrochlorination was performed in a self-designed glass reactor shown in Fig. 1 similar to the bubbling reactor widely employed in gas-liquid reactions.…”

Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Ionic Liquids in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

“…Hence, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Br] was chosen as most reactive catalyst. It depicted a good catalytic performance in the solidliquid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of p-nitrodiphenyl ether, leading to 100% selectivity towards the desired product (Yadav & Motirale, 2008). Though Aliquat ® 336 represents a widely used, economically favorable phase transfer catalyst with remarkable performance, the main drawback is its chemical and thermal stability.…”