Nucleation is a critical step determining the outcome of the entire crystallization process. Finding an effective nucleant for protein crystallization is of utmost importance for structural biology. The latter relies on good-quality crystals to solve the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules. In this study we show that crystalline barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) with an etched and/or ionic liquid (IL)-functionalized surface (1) can induce protein nucleation at concentrations well below the concentration needed to promote crystal growth under control conditions, (2) can shorten the nucleation time, (3) can increase the growth rate, and finally (4) may help to improve the protein crystal morphology. These effects were shown for lysozyme, RNase A, trypsin, proteinase K, myoglobin, and hemoglobin. Therefore, the use of BaSO 4 particles enables us to reduce the amount of protein in crystallization trials and increases the chance of obtaining protein crystals of the desired quality. In the context of the underlying mechanism, it is shown that the protein−solid contact formation is governed by the interaction of the polar compartments of the biomacromolecule with the support. The tendency of a protein to concentrate near the solid surface is enhanced by both the hydrophobicity of the protein and that of the surface (tuned by the functionalizing IL). These mechanisms of interaction of biomacromolecules with inorganic hydrophilic solids correspond to the principles of amphiphilic IL−mineral interactions.
■ INTRODUCTIONAnalyzing protein crystals is a way to determine the threedimensional structure of the protein, which provides crucial information regarding its biological function. However, protein crystallization is still a major challenge in modern proteomics. Therefore, new and effective ways of creating good-quality protein crystals are continuously sought, and studies of the underlying mechanisms are highly desired.Heterogeneous nucleation (at some pre-existing surface) can be induced under supersaturation conditions lower than those needed for the onset of homogeneous nucleation (in the bulk of the solution). The former offers kinetic advantages and often results in crystals that are bigger and better-ordered, the characteristics that are necessary for high-resolution protein structure determination. Thus, finding an effective heterogeneous nucleant for proteins is a very promising approach, and both empirical attempts and the respective theoretical studies are constantly ongoing. 1 Works in this field have identified the features of the most successful solid nucleating agents as surface nanotopography (preferentially deep, narrow pores of wide size distribution) and/or its amorphous state. 1−6 Very recently, nonporous ordered surfaces have also been found to be prone to induce crystal growth in model systems where the crystal contacts are governed by short-range interactions (as for proteins). 7 The requirement for those surfaces to act as nucleants is the presence of surface strain. Otherwise, crystalline solids ...