Conspectus
Metal-free catalysis is a promising protocol to access chemicals
without metal contamination. Ionic liquids (ILs) that are entirely
composed of organic cations and inorganic/organic anions have emerged
as promising alternatives to molecular solvents and metal catalysts
due to their unique properties such as structural tunability, the
coexistence of multiple interactions among ions (e.g., electrostatic
interaction, hydrogen bonding, van de Waals forces, acid/base interactions,
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, etc.), unique affinity for a
wide range of chemicals, good chemical and thermal stability, and
quite low volatility. ILs have shown potential applications in various
chemical processes.
In this Account, we systematically described our most recent work
on IL-catalyzed approaches under metal-free conditions. The first
section presents the IL-catalyzed strategies toward the transformation
of CO2 to value-added chemicals, focusing on the CO2-reactive IL-catalyzed CO2 transformation to various
heterocycles and the IL-catalyzed reductive transformation of CO2 to chemicals. In these approaches, we designed task-specific
ILs that are able to chemically capture and activate CO2 via forming anion-based carbonate/carbamate or cation-based carboxylate/carbamate
intermediates, thus further accomplishing its transformation to a
series of heterocycles including quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones, cyclic carbonates, 2-oxazolidinones,
oxazolones, and benzimidazolones under metal-free conditions.
For the IL-catalyzed approaches to reducing CO2 with hydrosilanes
to chemicals, we employed ILs capable of activating the Si–H
bond in hydrosilanes and the N–H bond in amine substrates via
H-bonding, thus achieving the reductive transformation of CO2 to formamides, benzimidazoles, and benzothiazoles via cooperative
catalysis. The second section describes our finding on the IL-catalyzed
hydration of the CC bond in propargylic alcohols. Azolate
anion-based ILs that can chemically capture CO2 via the
formation of carbamates could serve as robust nucleophiles to attack
the CC bond in propargylic alcohols and then efficiently catalyze
the hydration of propargylic alcohols to produce α-hydroxy ketones
with the assistance of atmospheric CO2 gas under metal-free
conditions. The third section unveils the cooperative catalysis strategy
of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors of ILs for chemical reactions.
In the hydrogen-bonding catalysis protocols, cations of the ILs act
as H-bond donors and anions, as acceptors, forming H-bonds with the
reactant molecules, respectively, in opposite ways, which can cooperatively
catalyze the ring-closing C–O/C–O bond metathesis reactions
of aliphatic diethers to O-heterocycles, the dehydrative etherification
of alcohols to ethers, and direct oxidative esterification of alcohols
to esters. We believe that these IL-catalyzed metal-free processes
and strategies display promising practical applications, and their
commercialization would bring great benefits to the production of
the as-afforded value-...