Ionic vs Electronic Power Limitations and Analysis of the Fraction of Wired Grains in LiFePO[sub 4] Composite Electrodes

Fongy, C.; Gaillot, Anne-Claire; Jouanneau, S.; Guyomard, Dominique; Lestriez, Bernard

doi:10.1149/1.3432559

Cited by 166 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Electrode porosity is a crucial electrode parameter as it strongly influences battery performance (Fongy et al, 2010a,b;Strobridge et al, 2015;Just, 2016;Liu et al, 2017). Generally, a larger porosity favors Li-ion transport allowing larger (dis)charge (Singh et al, 2013b;Just, 2016) at the expense of the volumetric density Singh et al, 2016) and electrical conductivity of the electrode (Wang and Hong, 2007;Fongy et al, 2010a). The optimum seems to be reached by a certain porosity gradient (Du et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

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Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) allows determination of the spatial distribution of specific isotopes, via neutron capture reactions. In a capture reaction charged particles with fixed kinetic energy are formed, where their energy loss through the material of interest can be used to provide the depth of the original isotope. As lithium-6 has a relatively large probability for such a capture reaction, it can be used by battery scientists to study the lithium concentration in the electrodes even during battery operation. The selective measurement of the 6 Li isotope makes it a direct and sensitive technique, whereas the penetrative character of the neutrons allows practical battery pouch cells to be studied. Using NDP lithium diffusion and reaction rates can be studied operando as a function of depth, opening a large range of opportunities including the study of alloying reactions, metal plating, and (de) intercalation in insertion hosts. In the study of high rate cycling of intercalation materials the relatively low Li density challenges counting statistics while the limited change in electrode density due to the Li-ion insertion and extraction allows straightforward determination of the Li density as a function of electrode depth. If an electrode can be (dis)charged reversibly, data can be acquired and accumulated over multiple cycles to increase the time resolution. For Li metal plating and alloying reactions, the large lithium density allows good time resolution, however the large change of the electrode composition and density makes extracting the Li-density as a function of depth more challenging. Here an effective method is presented, using calibration measurements of the individual components, based on which the ratio of the components as a function of depth can be determined as well as the total Li-density. The same principles can be applied to insertion host materials, where the differences in density due to electrolyte infiltration yield the electrode porosity as a function of depth. This is of particular importance for battery electrodes where porosity has a direct influence on the energy density and charge transport.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

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“…In the context of the LFP cathode, several studies report the influence of properties like optimal electrode thickness, [45][46][47] active material and inactive material weight fractions, [46][47][48][49] and porosity 48,50 on the performance of the full cell. Fongy et al, 50 use a parameter which defines the rate of loss in capacity with increase in discharge current to find a critical porosity window between 30% and 40%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fongy et al, 50 use a parameter which defines the rate of loss in capacity with increase in discharge current to find a critical porosity window between 30% and 40%. They conclude that a porosity of 30% or below would be highly detrimental to the performance due to restricted diffusion of Li-ions in the pores and above 40% the performance would be affected by reduced electronic conductivity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Current, Future, and Beyond Li-Ion Batteries for the Electrification of Light Commercial Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

Sripad

Viswanathan

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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While the electrification of the transportation sector is underway with a consistently increasing market share, segments like light commercial vehicles (LCVs) have not seen any significant market penetration. The major barriers are primarily in the shortcomings in specific energy, power, and cost associated with Li-ion batteries. With an initiative from several automakers to electrify other segments, there is a need to critically examine the performance requirements and to understand the factors governing such a transition in the near-term and long-term. In this study, we develop a systematic methodological framework to analyze the performance demands for electrification through an approach that couples considerations for battery chemistries, load profiles based on a set of vehiclespecific drive cycles, and finally applying these loads to a battery pack that solves a 1-D thermally coupled battery model within the AutoLion-ST framework. Using this framework, we analyze the performance of a fully electric LCV over its lifetime under various driving conditions and explore the trade-offs between battery metrics and vehicle design parameters. We find that in order to enable a driving range of over 400-miles for LCVs at a realistic battery pack weight, specific energies of over 400 Wh/kg at the cell-level and 200 Wh/kg at the pack-level needs to be achieved. A crucial factor that could bring down both the energy requirements and cost is through a vehicle re-design that lowers the drag coefficient to about 0. The complete electrification of the transportation sector is essential to reduce CO 2 emissions and improve air quality in densely populated cities.1 There has been remarkable progress toward electrification in the passenger sedan market, with a market share of more than a few hundred thousand vehicles, and reaching as high as 23% in Norway and 10% Netherlands.2 Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) form nearly one-tenth of the global market share 3 and about 30% in the United States where they account for approximately 30% of the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector.4 Yet, the electrification of this segment is very limited, primarily due to the shortcomings of the current state of battery technology. [5][6][7][8] The average fuel economy for this segment has remained largely stagnant since 1985, while the engine fuel efficiency has been increasing continuously. 9 This is in large part due to automakers increasing the performance of the vehicles at the expense of fuel economy, thus, maintaining sustained demand for high-performance LCVs.Prior work has explored the implementation of hybrid electric pickup trucks 10 with the drivetrains utilizing internal combustion engines (ICEs) for longer distances. A few other studies 11,12 have discussed the potential use of a battery pack by retrofitting conventional pickup trucks with electric drivetrains. With major electric automakers such as Tesla Inc., announcing their work toward fully electric LCVs, 13 there is an urgent need to understand systematically th...

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“…In addition, optimization studies have also been conducted to determine the optimal ranges for the LiFePO 4 battery design parameters, including the particle size, the electrode thickness, the porosity (density), and the conductor ratio (conductor weight fraction). [9][10][11][12] The optimization of the battery design parameters based solely on experimental approaches is difficult, not to mention time-consuming. 13 To facilitate the optimization, numerical modeling can help to accelerate the process by elucidating the effects of the electrode design parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model Prediction and Experiments for the Electrode Design Optimization of LiFePO₄/Graphite Electrodes in High Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries

Yu¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2013

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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LiFePO 4 is a promising active material (AM) suitable for use in high performance lithium-ion batteries used in automotive applications that require high current capabilities and a high degree of safety and reliability. In this study, an optimization of the electrode design parameters was performed to produce high capacity lithium-ion batteries based on LiFePO 4 /graphite electrodes. The electrode thickness and porosity (AM density) are the two most important design parameters influencing the cell capacity. We quantified the effects of cathode thickness and porosity (LiFePO 4 electrode) on cell performance using a detailed one-dimensional electrochemical model. In addition, the effects of those parameters were experimentally studied through various coin cell tests. Based on the numerical and experimental results, the optimal ranges for the electrode thickness and porosity were determined to maximize the cell capacity of the LiFePO 4 /graphite lithium-ion batteries.

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Ionic vs Electronic Power Limitations and Analysis of the Fraction of Wired Grains in LiFePO[sub 4] Composite Electrodes

Cited by 166 publications

References 42 publications

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Evaluation of Current, Future, and Beyond Li-Ion Batteries for the Electrification of Light Commercial Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

Model Prediction and Experiments for the Electrode Design Optimization of LiFePO₄/Graphite Electrodes in High Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries

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Ionic vs Electronic Power Limitations and Analysis of the Fraction of Wired Grains in LiFePO[sub 4] Composite Electrodes

Cited by 166 publications

References 42 publications

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Evaluation of Current, Future, and Beyond Li-Ion Batteries for the Electrification of Light Commercial Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

Model Prediction and Experiments for the Electrode Design Optimization of LiFePO4/Graphite Electrodes in High Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries

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Product

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Model Prediction and Experiments for the Electrode Design Optimization of LiFePO₄/Graphite Electrodes in High Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries