Ionospheric Anomaly due to the volcanic eruption in Colima, Mexico, 06 January 2013: Two-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis

Abstract

The ionospheric total electron content (TEC) data from 05 to 10 January 2013 (UT) were examined by two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) and revealed a TEC anomaly related to the volcanic eruption in Colima, Mexico on 06 January, 2013. A TEC anomaly was detected above the volcano from 21:00 to 21:05 on 06 January 2013 (UT). The anomaly occurred for at least 5 minutes, during this time period we could identify the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The shock acoustic wave produced by eruptioninduced seismic activity may be the cause of the observed TEC anomaly. We show that it is possible to monitor or predict volcanic eruptions and their associated seismic activity through the use of two-dimensional principal component analysis of the resulting TEC anomalies.

An Investigation on the Ionospheric Response to the Volcanic Explosion of Hunga Ha’apai, 2022, Based on the Observations from the Meridian Project: The Plasma Drift Variations

“…In addition, the volcanic eruption, which may often be accompanied by earthquakes, is also considered to be responsible for multiple ionospheric disturbances [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Overall, the specific physical mechanism of volcanic-ionosphere coupling is still highly uncertain, which is why a large amount of observational evidence is both necessary and important [16,[32][33][34][35][36].…”

An Investigation on the Ionospheric Response to the Volcanic Explosion at Hunga Ha'apai in 2021

“…As for the specific direction of volcano‐ionosphere coupling research, it has been established that there is a correlation between ionospheric and volcanic activity, with TEC variation as an effective diagnostic parameter (Aoyama et al., 2016; Cahyadi et al., 2021, 2020; Heki & Fujimoto, 2022; Li et al., 2016; J.‐W. Lin, 2017; X. Liu et al., 2017; Maletckii & Astafyeva, 2022; Manta et al., 2021; Pandara et al., 2021; Saito, 2022; Shults et al., 2016; I. Toman et al., 2021; Verhulst et al., 2022; S.‐R. Zhang et al., 2022).…”

“…Lin et al., 2022; J.‐W. Lin, 2017; X. Liu et al., 2022, 2017; Maletckii & Astafyeva, 2022; Manta et al., 2021; Matoza et al., 2022; Nakashima et al., 2016; Pandara et al., 2021; Ricardo Garza‐Girón, 2023; Shults et al., 2016; I. Toman et al., 2021; Verhulst et al., 2022; Watson et al., 2022; Wright et al., 2022; S.‐R. Zhang et al., 2022).…”

“…Thus, a combination observational data from both ground-based and space-based method is particularly important (Heki & Fujimoto, 2022;Matoza et al, 2022;Wright et al, 2022). The combined analyses had found abnormal propagation that has multiple wave characteristics such as acoustic wave, infrasonic wave, ultrasonic wave, and gravity wave, and periodic harmonic oscillation exists in volcanic eruptions (Amores et al, 2022;Aoyama et al, 2016;Cahyadi et al, 2021;Heki & Fujimoto, 2022;Kubota et al, 2022;J.-T. Lin et al, 2022;J.-W. Lin, 2017;X. Liu et al, 2022X.…”