Ionospheric effects of rocket exhaust products—heao-c, skylab

Zinn, J.; Sutherland, C.D.; Stone, Sidney N.; Duncan, L. M.; Behnke, R. A.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(82)90025-3

Cited by 47 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Bernhardt et al (1991) have noted that at orbital velocity with high O + energies the reaction between O + and CO2 could produce CO2 +. The analysis of F-layer depletions produced by rocket launches has been intensively studied by Zinn et al (1982) with a computer model which includes 331 chemical reactions. The NO~ emissions from aircraft will be consider in the next paragraph as it exerts an influence on the ozone depletion (Johnston et al, 1989).…”

Section: Release From Rockets and Supersonic Aircraftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Parrot

Zaslavski

1996

Surv Geophys

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Since the discovery of the Luxembourg effect in the 1930s, it is clear that man-made activities can perturb the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. The anthropogenic effects are mainly clue to different kinds of waves coming from the Earth's surface. Acoustic-gravity waves are generated by large explosions, spacecraft launches, or flight of supersonic planes. Electromagnetic waves are active in different frequency ranges. Power line harmonic radiation which is radiated in the ELF range by electrical power systems can be observed over industrial areas. At VLF and HF, the ground-based transmitters used for communications or radio-navigation heat the ionosphere and change the natural parameters. A large variety of phenomena is observed: wave-particle interaction, precipitation of radiation belt electrons, parametric coupling of EM whistler waves, triggered emissions, frequency shift, and whistler spectrum broadening. This paper will review the different physical mechanisms which are relevant to such perturbations. The possibility of direct chemical pollution in the ionosphere due to gas releases is also discussed.

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Section: Release From Rockets and Supersonic Aircraftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Parrot

Zaslavski

1996

Surv Geophys

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“…As The general solution of (24) and (25) for the S1•6 modification has not been attempted. Similar equations have been solved numerically for chemical modification by H20 and CO2 injections into the ionosphere [Anderson and Bernhardt, 1978;Bernhardt, 1982a;Zinn et al, 1982]. These existing numerical solutions, however, cannot be readily adapted to the SF 6 problem, because they require that the electron concentration be nonzero and they make the simplifying assumption that the mass of the negatively charged particle is much less than the mass of the positively charged particle.…”

Section: Ion (Sf•-) Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and dynamics of SF₆ injections into the F region

Bernhardt¹

1984

J. Geophys. Res.

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The chemistry of SF 6 vapor reacting in the F region is critically examined. The SF 6 molecule dissociatively attaches an electron, producing the SF 5 -ion. Reaction between an ambient O + ion and the SF 5yields mutual neutralization. During the neutralizaton process, an electronically excited oxygen atom, O(•D), may be produced which will subsequently emit a 630.0-nm photon. A release of 20 kg of SF 6 into an ambient O + ion concentration of 105 cm -3 at 300-km altitude is considered. The 630.0-nm airglow intensity may increase following the release. The negative ion plasma is shown to be marginally unstable to a gradient drift instability.

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“…This rocket launching event seriously affected shortwave communication in the vast area of the Atlantic Ocean, with the lowest reflection frequency reduced to 2 MHz. In the 1970s, when the high‐energy astronomical satellite HEAO was launched (Zinn et al., 1982),the chemical release was 1.6 × 10 7 molecules/s at an altitude of 410 km, and there was a large electron density cavity emerging in the ionospheric F layer that was hundreds of kilometers wide and 40 km thick. The phenomenon lasted ∼15 min, and the electron concentration of this ionospheric cavity decreased by ∼1 order of magnitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Ionosphere Disturbed by Rocket Plume on OTHR Radio Wave Propagation

Fang

Sicheng

et al. 2021

Radio Science

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The main chemicals of rocket exhaust plume are released into the ionosphere, which cause three‐dimensional (3‐D) disturbances. By simulating the disturbance, we investigate the influence of ionospheric disturbance by the chemical release on the propagation of over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) waves. Based on the absorption simulation model, the absorption loss of OTHR waves caused by rocket plume was simulated. Using 3‐D digital ray tracing, we simulated the propagation path of radio waves in the “ionospheric hole” region. The simulation results show that the absorption loss of short waves decreases with an increase in the frequency and elevation angle of the ray. The absorption loss in the year of high solar activity is significantly higher than that in the year of low solar activity. The absorption value is largest at noon and smallest at night. In terms of seasonal variation, the absorption of radio waves is strongest in summer and weakest in winter. Additionally, the ionospheric hole area increases with the release time. The 6 MHz high‐frequency waves cannot reach the disturbance height and are completely reflected to the ground. Most of the 8 MHz radio waves are reflected to the ground, and some of them pass through the ionosphere. The radio waves at 10, 15, and 20 MHz can pass through the hole area of the ionosphere. Moreover, the ionospheric disturbance generated by the plume has a focusing effect on the propagation of OTHR shortwaves. With the increase in radio frequency, the focusing height gradually increases, and the focusing effect gradually weakens.

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Ionospheric effects of rocket exhaust products—heao-c, skylab

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Chemistry and dynamics of SF₆ injections into the F region

Impact of the Ionosphere Disturbed by Rocket Plume on OTHR Radio Wave Propagation

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Ionospheric effects of rocket exhaust products—heao-c, skylab

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere

Chemistry and dynamics of SF6 injections into the F region

Impact of the Ionosphere Disturbed by Rocket Plume on OTHR Radio Wave Propagation

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Product

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About

Chemistry and dynamics of SF₆ injections into the F region