Ionothermal Synthesis of Cobalt Vanadate Nanoparticles As High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ca2V2O7 as an Anode‐Active Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Effect of Conductive Additive and Mass Loading on Electrochemical Performance

“…Work in similar materials has also reported activation process; however, the authors never explain in detail the mechanism. [34,35,58,59,67] Nonetheless, compared to the work of Zhang and Mu, [20] the specific capacity overall in this study is about 50 % lower. Most likely, the difference is due to the CVO powder synthesis route and particle design.…”

“…A comparable behavior, i. e., a significant capacity recovery during cycling, has previously been reported for metal oxides, most often for 3d metal oxides (Co, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Mn), where it was suggested that during the formation of the SEI layer, metal particles (usually nanosized) are formed [27,61] . These particles are kinetically activated by electrolyte decomposition, creating a gel‐like polymer film (PGF) and providing additional Li + storage at the interface [19,34,36,62] . Some studies [23,63,64] mentioned that these nanoparticles could increase the electrode‘s overall conductivity and improve charge transfer kinetics, resulting in increased capacity in subsequent cycles.…”

“…Work in similar materials has also reported activation process; however, the authors never explain in detail the mechanism [34,35,58,59,67] …”

“…[27,61] These particles are kinetically activated by electrolyte decomposition, creating a gel-like polymer film (PGF) and providing additional Li + storage at the interface. [19,34,36,62] Some studies [23,63,64] mentioned that these nanoparticles could increase the electrode's overall conductivity and improve charge transfer kinetics, resulting in increased capacity in subsequent cycles. Increased capacity from 10 to 80 %, which is often observed in long-term cycles (N > 100), can also be associated with the gradual activation of vanadium-based electrode materials (i. e., During lithiation/ delithiation, the active material particles break into several pieces, those pieces become available for new electrochemical reactions).…”

“…Cobalt‐vanadates exhibit one of the best performances and highest capacities observed for this material class, reaching more than 1000 mAh/g [34–36] . However, cobalt is toxic during all stages of the battery manufacturing process and has an expensive and challenging supply [37–41] …”