Ions Transport in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices at Low Temperatures

Abstract

The operation of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices at low temperatures as normal as at room temperature is of great significance for their lowtemperature environment application. However, such operation is plagued by the sluggish ions transport kinetics, which leads to the severe capacity decay or even failure of devices at low-temperature conditions. In this review, the difficulties of ions transport in electrolyte, electrolyte/electrode interface, and electrode material at low temperatures are discussed in depth, and the reported strategies to solve the corresponding problems are surveyed subsequently. Finally, the views on how to build high-performance low-temperatureavailable EES devices as well as their development directions are put forward.

Cryopolymerization‐enabled self‐wrinkled polyaniline‐based hydrogels for highly stretchable all‐in‐one supercapacitors

“…[ 1–3 ] The preparation of deformation‐tolerant and high‐performance energy storage devices is significant for the power supply of these stretchable electronics. [ 4,5 ] Supercapacitors (SCs) feature the advantages of high power density, fast charging/discharging rate, and excellent cycle stability, and are promising energy storage devices in stretchable electronics. [ 6,7 ] However, traditional SCs based on electrode/electrolyte/electrode sandwiched architectures usually exhibit unsatisfactory stretchability and cannot meet the requirements of wearable and stretchable devices.…”

Assessment of the Feasibility of Zn–Air Batteries with Alkaline Electrolytes Working at Sub-Zero Temperatures

“…For example, the capacity of a lithium-ion battery decays severely at −40 °C, which is only 12% of that at room temperature . In addition, the lithium-ion battery suffers from severe polarization in low-temperature environments, which can lead to large voltage drops and low energy efficiency. , Rechargeable Zn–air batteries have attracted increasing attention due to their remarkable theoretical energy density and high safety, which are expected to be an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. − Aqueous electrolytes exhibit the advantages of low cost, high conductivity, and environmental benignity. , Unfortunately, the water in the electrolyte freezes at sub-zero temperatures, resulting in a degraded electrode/electrolyte interphase, blocked ion transport, and even battery failure . To expand the applicability of Zn–air batteries, it is crucial to evaluate their performance at different operating temperatures, especially at low temperatures.…”

“…8−12 Aqueous electrolytes exhibit the advantages of low cost, high conductivity, and environmental benignity. 13,14 Unfortunately, the water in the electrolyte freezes at sub-zero temperatures, resulting in a degraded electrode/electrolyte interphase, blocked ion transport, and even battery failure. 15 To expand the applicability of Zn−air batteries, it is crucial to evaluate their performance at different operating temperatures, especially at low temperatures.…”

Optimization Strategies of Electrolytes for Low‐Temperature Aqueous Batteries

“…(II)Both the bulk electrolyte resistance and the charge transfer resistance increased drastically when the temperature approached the freezing point. [11][12][13] Therefore, lowering the freezing point of electrolytes is a priority task. In the freezing process of the electrolytes, ions, and solvents each play different roles.…”

“…In addition, electrolytes of ARBs also suffer from the following issues at subzero temperature: (I)Sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the low temperature. (II)Both the bulk electrolyte resistance and the charge transfer resistance increased drastically when the temperature approached the freezing point [11–13] . Therefore, lowering the freezing point of electrolytes is a priority task.…”