Iontophoresis: Applications in Transdermal Medication Delivery

Costello, Charles T; Jeske, Arthur H

doi:10.1093/ptj/75.6.554

Cited by 120 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 49 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A single study including 500 patients with haemophilia concluded that hyaluronidase iontophoresis was a useful adjunctive treatment of both haemarthrosis and haematomas [50]. Caution is, however, recommended until further studies demonstrate the safety of this technique, because hyaluronidase is indiscriminate in breaking down the intercellular ground substance matrix and may therefore damage cartilage by opening a path for infection and other toxins [51].…”

Section: Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of acute haemarthrosis in haemophilia A without inhibitors: literature review, European survey and recommendations

Hermans

Moerloose

Fischer³

et al. 2011

Haemophilia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary. Acute haemarthrosis is a frequent type of bleeding in individuals with haemophilia. Delayed and/or inadequate treatment can trigger a series of pathological changes within the joint, leading to a painful and disabling arthropathy. The early management of intra‐articular bleeding has the potential to prevent chronic joint disease and may include a combination of factor replacement, rest, ice, rehabilitation and, in certain cases, joint aspiration. Little data are, however, available regarding the optimal management of acute haemarthrosis, especially with respect to replacement therapy and the use of adjunctive therapies (aspiration, avoidance of weight bearing and immobilization, as well as the use of anti‐inflammatory medication and embolization). To provide more insight into the management of acute haemarthrosis in patients with haemophilia, a literature review was conducted. Concomitantly, current management was surveyed in 26 European haemophilia comprehensive care centres representing 15 different countries. The review highlights the need for future robust studies to better define the appropriate replacement therapy and the role of adjunctive therapies such as aspiration. The survey reveals much heterogeneity in the management of acute haemarthrosis across the EU. Within the constraints discussed, treatment recommendations are presented that reflect the literature, current practice and the clinical experience of the European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB).

show abstract

Section: Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of acute haemarthrosis in haemophilia A without inhibitors: literature review, European survey and recommendations

Hermans

Moerloose

Fischer³

et al. 2011

Haemophilia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…4) Moreover, changes in pH alter the ionization of organic compounds which exist in a pH-dependent equilibrium between their ionized and nonionized states. 5) Since an optimal iontophoretic effect requires maximal ionization, 6,7) effective drug transport must minimize pH changes in the drug-containing solution. In order to overcome these disadvantages, systems using a silver or silver-silver chloride electrode 8,9) or pulsed direct current 10) have been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Transdermal Delivery of Diclofenac by Ion-Exchange Iontophoresis with Geraniol

Kigasawa

Kajimoto

Watanabe

et al. 2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Iontophoresis is a promising method which utilizes an electric field to enhance the delivery of charged compounds across skin.1,2) Since drug administration is readily controlled by adjustment of the applied voltage or current, iontophoresis may become a useful technique for drug therapy at home. Conventional iontophoretic systems use direct current which frequently causes skin irritation due to change in pH 3) or continuous electrical polarization of the skin.4) Moreover, changes in pH alter the ionization of organic compounds which exist in a pH-dependent equilibrium between their ionized and nonionized states. 5) Since an optimal iontophoretic effect requires maximal ionization, 6,7) effective drug transport must minimize pH changes in the drug-containing solution. In order to overcome these disadvantages, systems using a silver or silver-silver chloride electrode 8,9) or pulsed direct current 10) have been investigated. However, there have been few reports demonstrating both safety and drug availability when iontophoretic systems were used in vivo.Recently, a novel iontophoretic device was developed by TTI ellebeau Inc. to improve the capabilities of current systems (Fig. 1). This novel system transfers an ionic drug from the drug solution into the skin through an ion-exchange membrane. The counter ions are transported from the drug solution to an electrode buffer compartment, and do not pass from the skin into the drug solution due to the presence of the ion-exchange membrane. In this way, the balance between cations and anions in the drug solution can be kept constant. It is assumed that changes in pH due to oxidation and reduction reactions at the anode and cathode do not affect the conditions of the drug-containing solution, because the drug solution chamber and the electrode chamber are separated by ion-exchange membrane. It is also assumed that insults to the skin are relatively minor compared with conventional devices since the influx of endogenous ions from the skin into the drug solution is prevented by the presence of the ion-exchange membranes.Transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by iontophoresis would be advantageous since it would avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism and considerable gastrointestinal disturbances.11,12) However, as presently configured, iontophoretic delivery of anionic compounds, such as NSAIDs, is relatively inefficient because the negative charge on the surface of the skin electrostatically repels anionic drugs.13) Therefore, further improvements in iontophoresis systems are required for efficient transdermal delivery of anionic drugs. The purpose of this study was to examine transdermal delivery of the anionic pharmacologic agent diclofenac sodium, a widely used NSAID, by a novel iontophoretic system. Previously, in vitro iontophoresis of insulin was enhanced by pretreatment of skin with a chemical A novel iontophoretic system utilizing ion-exchange membranes is effective for selective transdermal delivery of ionized drugs. In the present stu...

show abstract

“…Taking into consideration both the electrochemical mechanism [2], [8], [16], [49] and the thermal generation hypothesis [6], [20], we investigated charge (Q), current intensity (I), time (t), power , and energy as possible driving factors. The results summarized in Table I suggest that charge is responsible for low-voltage skin burns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Density Imaging and Electrically Induced Skin Burns Under Surface Electrodes

Patriciu

Yoshida

Struijk

et al. 2005

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The origin of electrical burns under gel-type surface electrodes is a controversial topic that is not well understood. To investigate the phenomenon, we have developed an excised porcine skin-gel model, and used low-frequency current density imaging (LFCDI) to determine the current density (CD) distribution through the skin before and after burns were induced by application of electrical current (200 Hz, 70% duty cycle, 20-35 mA monophasic square waveform applied to the electrodes for 30-135 min). The regions of increased CD correlate well with the gross morphological changes (burns) observed. The measurement is sensitive enough to show regions of high current densities in the pre-burn skin, that correlate with areas were burn welts were produced, thus predicting areas where burns are likely to occur. Statistics performed on 28 skin patches revealed a charge dependency of the burn areas and a relatively uniform distribution. The results do not support a thermal origin of the burns but rather electro-chemical mechanisms. We found a statistically significant difference between burn area coverage during anodic and cathodic experiments.

show abstract

Iontophoresis: Applications in Transdermal Medication Delivery

Cited by 120 publications

References 49 publications

Management of acute haemarthrosis in haemophilia A without inhibitors: literature review, European survey and recommendations

Management of acute haemarthrosis in haemophilia A without inhibitors: literature review, European survey and recommendations

In Vivo Transdermal Delivery of Diclofenac by Ion-Exchange Iontophoresis with Geraniol

Current Density Imaging and Electrically Induced Skin Burns Under Surface Electrodes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About