Iontophoretic Delivery Model Inorganic and Drug Ions

Phipps, J. Bradley; Padmanabhan, Rama; Lattin, G.A.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600780505

Cited by 141 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The rationale for this assumption is that a constant part of the electric current is carried by drug ions while another part is carried by other ions, such as background ions in the drug solution or counter ions (primarily small ions such as Na + , K + , Ca + and Cl -) that travel from the skin towards the electrode. This is the case for most inorganic ions and drug ions in in vitro iontophoresis models (Phipps et al, 1989). (Turner and Guy, 1997) The situation during transdermal iontophoresis is however essentially different from in vitro circumstances.…”

Section: Delivered Drug Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Tesselaar

Sjöberg

2011

Microvascular Research

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Section: Delivered Drug Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Tesselaar

Sjöberg

2011

Microvascular Research

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“…1) It is known that the barrier function of skin is disturbed by iontophoresis. [2][3][4] The delivery of drugs by iontophoresis has been evaluated using the Nernst-Planck equation, 5,6) the modified Nernst-Planck equation, [7][8][9] the efficiency of drug delivery calculated from the delivery rate [10][11][12] and the migration in blood circulation based on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. 13) The migration of a drug on the application of a current has been analyzed in detail with these methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An iontophoretic transdermal delivery experiment was carried out in vivo using rat abdominal skin. Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to estimate the efficiency of drug delivery [10][11][12] based on Faraday's law.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdermal Delivery of Indomethacin by Iontophoresis.

Kanebako¹,

Inagi²,

Takayama

2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The objective of this study was to construct a modified equation for the delivery of a drug by iontophoresis. Indomethacin was selected as a model since it has been widely used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for external pharmaceutical preparations. The experiments were performed under a constant current in vivo using rat abdominal skin, and the plasma concentration was monitored by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from the plasma concentration profiles after intravenous injection. A theoretical value of the transdermal delivery of drug by iontophoresis was calculated from the plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters. The experimental value was evidently higher than the theoretical one, suggesting the enhancement of passive diffusion with an increase of applied current. The modified equation was proposed for the delivery of a drug by iontophoresis incorporating enhanced passive diffusion.

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“…Electrodes Ag/AgCl are the most preferred as they resist the changes in pH which are generally seen during the use of platinum or zinc/zinc chloride electrodes. [9] Other important factors affecting iontophoretic delivery include concentration of co-ions (buffers), current strength, type of current used, type of skin used, concentration of solute in the donor, temperature of acceptor phase, the charge on the drug, and the type of vehicle used. [10] Acyclovir (ACV), a synthetic analog of 2ˈ-deoxiguanosine, approved for the treatment of herpes simplex infection over ten years ago, remains a potent and reliable antiviral agent.…”

Section: Original Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Kumaravelrajan¹

2017

AJP

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Context: The approach for improving transdermal drug delivery is a technique called iontophoresis, a promising technology that has already received regulatory approval. Aims: The aim of the present investigation was to develop acyclovir (ACV) gel, which deliver drug through iontophoresis. Formulation variable was drug loading, current density, and hydrogen-ion concentration (pH). Factorial design was used to study the above variable with drug release at T95% as the response variable. Settings and Design: 2 3 factorial design was used to study the effect of pH, drug loading, and current density as independent variables, to T 95 % of drug release as dependent variables. Materials and Methods: The current settings were maintained at 0.5 mA. The silver wire was connected as anode at one side and silver chloride as cathode at other side. The resistor was fixed to control the flow of current from the equipment. ACV gel was prepared using Carbopol 934P. Ex vivo permeation study was conducted for 6 h in Franz diffusion cell using rat skin. Optimized formulation was analyzed for viscosity, flux, and in vivo animal study. Statistical Analysis Used: Numerical optimization carried out to find out the constrain variables. Contour plot and response surface were also studied for optimized one. Results: Two factorial interaction of independent variable with respect to dependent variable was analyzed by the kinetics of drug release. It was found that the drug release was controlled up to 6 h when variables used as pH 7.4, current input 0.5 mA, and drug loading 5% in the formulation. The Cmax and Tmax of in vivo study revealed 190 ng/ml at 6 h. Conclusions: It was found that the effectiveness of iontophoretic delivery from gel was largely affected by polarity and current density than drug loading. The optimized formulation gave desired release profile up to 6 h. Drug release kinetics seemed to be Korsmeyer-Peppas model (n = 0.875). Further in vivo study in animal model revealed the Cmax and Tmax reached the predicted time of delivery of drug without fluctuation in the plasma level.

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Iontophoretic Delivery Model Inorganic and Drug Ions

Cited by 141 publications

References 5 publications

Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Transdermal Delivery of Indomethacin by Iontophoresis.

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