Iophenoxic Acid and Mirex for Marking Wild, Bait-Consuming Animals

Larson, Gary E.; Savarie, Peter J.; Okuno, Iwao

doi:10.2307/3808136

Cited by 40 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…A six-point quantification curve of the concentration of IA versus peak area was constructed for quantitation of concentrations as low as 50 ng/mL in serum and the correlation coefficients were routinely greater than 0.9900. It may be unwise to examine levels lower than these, at least in the case of bait acceptance studies, as previous research using serum iodine as a measure of IA has reported background levels in some species to range between 20 and 50 ng/mL with some as high as 80 ng/mL [6,7]. However, it is unknown whether these background iodine levels are purely the result of previous IA exposure.…”

Section: Sample Extraction and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, IA has been successfully used as a marker in bait acceptance studies in a variety of animal species including carnivores [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores [17] and has been used to determine the feasibility of delivering oral vaccine to wild swine [17] and raccoons [9,24]. Field experiments in which feral pigs (S. scrofa), raccoons (P. lotor), and opossums (D. virginiana) were exposed to IA following ingestion of IA-marked baits were used to confirm the appropriateness of (−)ESI/LC-MS identification in these studies.…”

Section: Field Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). These studies have been conducted in a variety of animal species including carnivores, such as raccoons, foxes, dogs, coyotes and cats [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores, such as goats, rabbits and deer [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores, such as pigs [17]. The compound is effective because it exhibits low toxicity while strongly binding to albumin over an extended length of time [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, while the extent of binding is both dose-and speciesdependent [11], IA may be used to determine the amount of bait consumed [10,12,16]. However, the compound persists for only short durations in marsupials, including opossums [11] or swamp wallabies [20], and birds [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous methods of identification and quantification primarily involve indirect inference by measuring plasma or serum iodine, which show gross and prolonged elevation as a function of IA concentration [6,10,13,21]. A more recent method describes direct determination of the compound using HPLC followed by UV detection [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

Wiles

Campbell

2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum" (2006 AbstractA liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric technique was developed for direct quantitation of iophenoxic acid (IA) in serum. IA was spiked into canine, feline, bovine, equine, and porcine sera, extracted, and quantified using negative ion monitoring following chromatographic separation on a Luna C18(2) 3 m (100 mm × 2.1 mm) reversed-phase column. The limit of detection was 25 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL. Inter-and intra-assay accuracy (86-113% and 87-115%, respectively) and precision (1.8-7.7%) were calculated. Analysis of serum collected from feral pigs, raccoons, and opossums following ingestion of IA-marked baits confirmed the appropriateness of this method for bait acceptance studies.

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Section: Sample Extraction and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Field Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

Wiles

Campbell

2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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Iophenoxic acid derivatives as markers of oral baits to wildlife

Sage

Fourel²,

Lahoreau³

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The bait-marker iophenoxic acid (IPA) and its derivatives are increasingly used for evaluating and optimizing the cost-effectiveness of baiting campaigns on wildlife, particularly on game species such as the wild boar. We aimed to determine whether concentrations of the three main IPA derivatives ethyl, methyl and propyl-IPA measured on thoracic liquid extracts (TLE) of hunted wild boars may be representative of two exposure doses, 40 and 200 mg, from 20 to 217 days after ingestion. Then we developed a method of detection of the three IPA derivatives by LC/ESI-MS-MS in muscle and liver to evaluate the suitability of these two other tissues for monitoring the marked bait consumption and for measuring available residues in the meat of marked animals. Three semi-captive wild boars received 40 mg of each IPA derivative, three received 200 mg, and three, as controls, did not receive IPA. Blood serum was sampled 20, 197 or 217 days after IPA exposure according to animals and to the derivative. Wild boars were shot by gun after the different times of serum sampling times, and TLE, muscle and liver were sampled. Our results suggest that TLE is not a relevant tissue for quantitatively expressing IPA exposure. Due to interference, no analytical method was validated on TLE containing digestive material. On the other hand, quantifications in the muscle and particularly in the liver could discriminate wild boars that had ingested the two IPA doses from 20 days until 7 months after exposure, especially for the two long term markers ethyl and propyl-IPA. So IPA quantifications in the liver sampled on hunted animals appear to be a reliable tool for monitoring bait consumption in the field at a large scale. Nevertheless, whatever the ingested dose, ethyl- and propyl-IPA concentrations measured in the muscle and the liver of tested animals until 217 days after exposure, remained higher than 0.01 mg/kg, the Maximal Residue Limit (MRL) is recommended for molecules for which no toxicological data are available. Based on the range of IPA residues available in these two tissues, implications for humans consuming marked animals are discussed.

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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of iophenoxic acid in serum

Jones¹

1994

Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applicatio

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Iophenoxic Acid and Mirex for Marking Wild, Bait-Consuming Animals

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

Iophenoxic acid derivatives as markers of oral baits to wildlife

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of iophenoxic acid in serum

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