Iophenoxic and Iopanoic Acid as Bait Markers for Feral Goats.

Abstract

As part of assessments of the palatability of different formulations for baits to be used for the control of feral goats, iopanoic acid and iophenoxic acid were compared as bait markers. After goats ingested iopanoic acid (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), peak plasma iodine concentrations (4.86, 17.25 and 19.11 micro g/ml respectively) were reached after 4 to 8 h, followed by rapid excretion. In contrast, iophenoxic acid (1.5 mg/kg) was more slowly absorbed but remained stable in the plasma at concentrations greater than 2.40 micro g/ml for 3months after ingestion. When goats were fed 10 marked leaves smeared with non-toxic petrolatum containing a total of 50 mg iophenoxic acid, plasma iodine concentrations were proportionally and significantly higher than in animals fed on marked leaf smeared with non-toxic petrolatum (total of 5 mg iophenoxic acid), indicating a potential for quantifying the amount of bait ingested. Iophenoxic acid, therefore, shows the greatest potential as a bait marker for goats, particularly for quantitative use in palatability and acceptance studies.

Evaluation of iophenoxic acid and rhodamine B for marking feral ferrets(Mustela furo)

“…The potential marking period may also be dose-dependent, as has been demonstrated in feral goats (Eason & Batcheler 1991).…”

Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

“…In the past, IA has been successfully used as a marker in bait acceptance studies in a variety of animal species including carnivores [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores [17] and has been used to determine the feasibility of delivering oral vaccine to wild swine [17] and raccoons [9,24]. Field experiments in which feral pigs (S. scrofa), raccoons (P. lotor), and opossums (D. virginiana) were exposed to IA following ingestion of IA-marked baits were used to confirm the appropriateness of (−)ESI/LC-MS identification in these studies.…”

“…1). These studies have been conducted in a variety of animal species including carnivores, such as raccoons, foxes, dogs, coyotes and cats [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores, such as goats, rabbits and deer [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores, such as pigs [17]. The compound is effective because it exhibits low toxicity while strongly binding to albumin over an extended length of time [18,19].…”

“…The compound is effective because it exhibits low toxicity while strongly binding to albumin over an extended length of time [18,19]. In addition, while the extent of binding is both dose-and speciesdependent [11], IA may be used to determine the amount of bait consumed [10,12,16]. However, the compound persists for only short durations in marsupials, including opossums [11] or swamp wallabies [20], and birds [6].…”

Multi-species control by aerial baiting: a realistic goal?

“…using biomarkers such as rhodamine dye (Morgan 1981) and iophenoxic acid (Eason & Batcheler 1991) should be conducted in all seasons in a number of different habitat types to determine the optimum time for controlling particular combinations of pests.…”