“…Algorithmic bias has the potential to perpetuate and exacerbate existing disparities in sustainable smart cities, leading to unequal representation and outcomes [ 177 ]. Fairness, extensively discussed in the broader AI field [ 175 , 178 ] and AIoT domain [ 8 , 167 ], becomes crucial in the UDT context. Obstacles to achieving transparency include the complexity of UDT models [ 25 ] and reluctance towards sharing data [ 26 , 179 ].…”