IoT Watercare: Water Quality Control System in Unofficial Settlements of Peru Based in an IoT Architecture

IoT Innovations in Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management and Water Quality Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review of Advancements, Implications, and Future Directions

“…As shown in Fig. 24, most of the reviewed studies utilized multiple sensors, with pH, temperature, and turbidity sensors being the most commonly used in combination with other types of sensors [32], [136], [137], [138]. For instance, Campagnaro et al [128] employed six different sensors, including temperature, pressure, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and EC sensors, while Kumar et al [135] utilized five different types of sensors, including temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and Eh potential sensors, to measure different water quality parameters.…”

“…These representations encompass line charts, bar charts, scatter plots, heat maps, and time series plots. Real-time data visualizations have been facilitated through various dashboards, including platforms such as ThingSpeak display, web-based user interface, mobile application, and RESTful API [131], [132], [137], [138], [150]. The use of these visualizations assists end-users in promptly detecting any irregular trends and subsequently making well-timed decisions.…”

“…To enhance connectivity, researchers have recommended exploring alternative wireless backbone technologies, expanding wireless infrastructure, and conducting further research on propagation modeling for NB-IoT in remote areas with thick and tall foliage [87], [149]. Additionally, implementing cloud-based platforms for data storage and analysis, along with the use of open data formats and opensource software, has been suggested to improve data management and analysis [32], [137], [145], [150]. On the other hand, low-cost, reliable, and fully waterproof sensors have been proposed to improve the sensors used in IoT-based systems [139], [142], [152].…”

“…On the other hand, low-cost, reliable, and fully waterproof sensors have been proposed to improve the sensors used in IoT-based systems [139], [142], [152]. Furthermore, some studies suggested using solar-powered IoT devices and event detection methods to reduce labor-intensive interventions in the field and involve stakeholders to improve system design and implementation strategies [137], [142]. Overall, the proposed solutions have significantly progressed in mitigating the challenges of implementing IoTbased systems for water quality monitoring.…”