“…Wet-lab experimental approaches combined with high-throughput sequencing techniques have offered experimentally validated m 5 U sites in multiple species (Xuan et al, 2018 ; Carter et al, 2019 ). However, wet-lab approaches can be a costly and time-consuming process; thus, an increasing number of computational efforts have been made, targeting different aspects of biological problems, including phosphorylation prediction (Zhang G. et al, 2023 ), protein structure prediction (Jumper et al, 2021 ), drug discovery (Chen et al, 2023 ), and microbiome studies (Goodswen et al, 2021 ; Jiang et al, 2022 ; Yuan et al, 2023 ). For epitranscriptomic field, a number of bioinformatics databases (Boccaletto et al, 2018 ; Luo et al, 2021 ; Song et al, 2021 , 2023 ; Bao et al, 2023 ; Liang et al, 2023 ) and in silico prediction frameworks (Qiu et al, 2017 ; Zhai et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2019 ; Körtel et al, 2021 ; Xiong et al, 2021 ; Liang et al, 2022 ; Song et al, 2022 ; Yao et al, 2023 ) have been widely applied.…”