IR irradiation to remove a sub-aerial biofilm from granitic stones using two different laser systems: An Nd: YAG (1064 nm) and an Er:YAG (2940 nm)

Barreiro, P.; González, P.; Pozo-António, J.S.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.306

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…There are again divergences in the results obtained by using the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. While two studies [40,50] reported the successful removal of fungi and algae developing in the bulk of dolomite and the satisfactory cleaning of a sub-aerial biofilm composed of filamentous green algae (Trebouxia sp.) and cyanobacteria (Gloeocapsa and Chroococcus spp.)…”

Section: Efficiency Of Laser On Biofilms' Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the 532 nm wavelength at a fluence of 5 J/cm 2 showed the best results, confirming what the above cited papers experimentally determined. The same sub-aerial biofilm [50] was also treated with a 2940 nm Er:YAG laser (fluences 2.0 J/cm 2 and 5 J/cm 2 ) that was unsuccessful because a considerable amount of organic residues remained on the surfaces regardless of the fluence used, leaving a dark coloration.…”

Section: Efficiency Of Laser On Biofilms' Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study showed that a 2940 nm Er:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 250,000 ns melted the biotite grains of granite and produced a voluminous crust on the crystals [50]. The shorter pulse femtosecond laser showed far less alteration of the granite surface in comparison to the nanosecond laser [58].…”

Section: Effects On Substrates Of Laser Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Pinna

2024

Coatings

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This paper describes and discusses the results of scientific experiences of the physical and mechanical methods used to control and inhibit the growth of lichens and biofilms that grow on indoor and outdoor historical stone artworks. It provides an extensive selection and examination of international papers published in the last two decades on the issue. The great advantage of physical and mechanical methods lies in the lack of potential risks associated with the irreversible application of microbicides. Indeed, they do not introduce any harmful chemicals to humans, to the environment, or to heritage objects. This review focuses on the application of (i) electromagnetic radiation, (ii) high temperatures, (iii) lasers, and (iv) mechanical tools, and includes the main achievements, limitations, and potential applications of the examined studies.

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Section: Efficiency Of Laser On Biofilms' Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Efficiency Of Laser On Biofilms' Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Pinna

2024

Coatings

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“…This new technique seemed very promising for conservation treatments at a time where heritage objects needed cleaning more frequently [2]. Since Asmus' works, many studies on laser cleaning have been conducted and explored the differences induced by changing the laser parameters such as the emitting wavelength, the laser energy, and the pulse duration on different materials and various contaminants including biological colonization (lichens, algae) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], black sulphated gypsum crusts [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], dirt and environmental soiling [25], corrosion products [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], or graffiti [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]…”

Section: The Development Of Laser Cleaning For Heritage Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards safe and effective femtosecond laser cleaning for the preservation of historic monuments

et al. 2023

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We explore femtosecond laser cleaning of materials used in the construction of historic monuments, such as stone and steel covered in typical contaminants caused by harsh environments that may be found in urban areas. We address the cleaning of these materials from a conservation perspective, taking as examples the preservation and cleaning of iconic structures such as the steel and the granite of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Hawkesbury sandstone, a popular building material of a variety of monuments in Sydney (Australia), Makrana marble taken from the Soami Bagh Samadh temple of Agra in India, and also graffiti removal. We demonstrate that femtosecond laser pulses can clean a range of different contaminants such as biofilm, environmental soiling, rust, and spray paints, while preserving the integrity of the underlying substrates. Femtosecond laser cleaning is a fast and effective method and a safer alternative to lasers with longer pulse durations for the preservation of historic monuments.

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“…In contrast, eradicating lichens and fungi from earthenware objects represents a more heterogeneous and complex scenario regarding laser-material interactions compared to soil and dirt. The use of different lasers and their combination with biocide, microwaves, solvents and mechanical methods for eliminating biological growths has been extensively investigated on various lithotypes, such as carbonate rocks [23,[30][31][32], granite [33,34], sandstone [35], and dolostone [36]. Comparatively, less attention has been paid to the biodeterioration of earthenware artefacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

Ciofini,

Mazzotti,

Rondelli

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Photonics

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring environmentally friendly and healthy alternatives to conventional solvent cleaning and biocides in the conservation of stone artworks. Here, we focus on the potential of laser-based photonic methods for treating biodeteriorated earthenware artefacts. The investigation was conducted on Roman dolia (jars) of the International Museum of Ceramics (MIC), Faenza, Italy. Three removal methods were tested and compared: i) brushing using a soft-bristled electric brush and water, referred to as brush cleaning; ii) a combination of brushing and laser ablation; and iii) biocide and brushing. Four laser systems with different wavelengths and optimized pulse durations in nanosecond or microsecond regimes were used in the tests. Systematic irradiation tests were conducted to determine the damage thresholds and define safe laser irradiation levels. The characterizations of the surfaces under treatment were carried out pre- and post-laser irradiation using optical microscopy, 3D photogrammetry, and Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated Chlorophyll-Fluorometry (CF-PAM). Furthermore, spectroscopic methods based on FTIR, Raman, and LIBS techniques were used to assess the effectiveness of the removal process and the composition of uncovered surfaces.Results have indicated that gentle brushing and water is the most effective approach for safely removing around 60% of the bio-colonization weakly anchored to the substrate over the area under treatment. This comprised viable species, whereas the remaining 40% of the area included endolithic species, mostly thalli of Verrucaria nigrescens and rock-dwelling fungi. The eradication of the latter was the real conservation concern requiring attention. Following the experimentation, the optimal method for safely uncovering the earthenware surface was a combination of water-assisted brushing and 1064 nm laser irradiation as a finishing treatment. 

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IR irradiation to remove a sub-aerial biofilm from granitic stones using two different laser systems: An Nd: YAG (1064 nm) and an Er:YAG (2940 nm)

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Towards safe and effective femtosecond laser cleaning for the preservation of historic monuments

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

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IR irradiation to remove a sub-aerial biofilm from granitic stones using two different laser systems: An Nd: YAG (1064 nm) and an Er:YAG (2940 nm)

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Physical and Mechanical Methods for the Removal of Lithobionts—A Review

Towards safe and effective femtosecond laser cleaning for the preservation of historic monuments

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

IR irradiation to remove a sub-aerial biofilm from granitic stones using two different laser systems: An Nd: YAG (1064 nm) and an Er:YAG (2940 nm)