IR/UV mixing, towers of species and swampland conjectures

Abstract

By applying the Covariant Entropy Bound (CEB) to an EFT in a box of size 1/ΛIR one obtains that the UV and IR cut-offs of the EFT are necessarily correlated. We argue that in a theory of Quantum Gravity (QG) one should identify the UV cutoff with the ‘species scale’, and give a general algorithm to calculate it in the case of multiple towers becoming light. One then obtains an upper bound on the characteristic mass scale of the tower in terms of the IR cut-off, given by Mtower ≲ $$ {\left({\Lambda}_{\mathrm{IR}}\right)}^{2{\alpha}_D} $$ Λ IR 2 α D in Planck units, with αD = (D − 2 + p)/2p(D − 1), where p depends on the density of states. Identifying the IR cut-off with a (non-vanishing) curvature in AdS one reproduces the statement of the AdS Distance Conjecture (ADC), also giving an explicit lower bound for the α exponent. In particular, we find that the CEB implies α ≥ 1/2 in any dimension if there is a single KK tower, both in AdS and dS vacua. However values α < 1/2 are allowed if the particle tower is multiple or has a string component. We also consider the CKN constraint coming from avoiding gravitational collapse which further requires in general α ≥ 1/D for the lightest tower. We analyse the case of the DGKT-CFI class of Type IIA orientifold models and show it has both particle and string towers below the species scale, so that a careful analysis of how the ADC is defined is needed. We find that this class of models obey but do not saturate the CEB. The UV/IR constraints found apply to both AdS and dS vacua. We comment on possible applications of these ideas to the dS Swampland conjecture as well as to the observed dS phase of the universe.

The Scale of Supersymmetry Breaking and the Dark Dimension

“…Notice that we are implicitly assuming that the different towers associated to m 1 and m 2 are becoming light at the same rate. This assumption can be relaxed by employing the algorithm proposed in [35] to determine the species scale.…”

Geometric Flow of Bubbles

“…One striking example is the one offered by the refinement of the no global symmetries conjecture [262,263] via cobordism classes, first outlined in [154]. The emergence proposal [104,[264][265][266][267][268], on the other hand, is a direct attempt at deriving multiple swampland conjecture from the same microscopic principles. What was previously grouped under the generic label of theoretical evidence comes, in practice, from three main sources:…”

Bumping into the Species Scale with the Scalar Potential

“…[5][6][7][8][9] and was revisited recently, among others, in ref. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Many EFTs obtained from string theory (on a d = 4 Minkowski spacetime) have a moduli space, i.e., a space of massless scalar fields 𝜑 i governed by a metric g ij . In that context, one quantum gravity effect has been introduced under the name of swampland distance conjecture: [16][17][18] when going to the asymptotics of the moduli space, a tower of massive states goes down exponentially to zero in mass.…”