Iridoid glycosides from the Genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) and their Chemotaxonomic Sense

Abstract

The genus Gentiana is one of the largest genera in the Gentianaceae family. Many Gentiana species have been scientifically investigated for their chemical constituents and chemotaxonomic sense. To date, more than 500 chemical compounds were isolated from Gentiana plant. Several researchers have reviewed the secondary metabolites and their bioactivities of Gentiana plants. However, a survey on iridoid glycosides and their chemotaxonomic sense of the genus Gentiana are unavailable. Iridoid glycosides are the major chemicals isolated from Gentiana spp., which serve as potential chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate Gentiana species. Herein, the review systematically summarizes the scaffolds of the iridoids reported according to the biosynthetic pathway of natural iridoid glycosides. Furthermore, the taxonomy of Gentiana and chemotaxonomic sense of iridoid glycosides in the genus Gentiana were surveyed.

Olive Fruit and Leaf Wastes as Bioactive Ingredients for Cosmetics—A Preliminary Study

“…It is known that the most abundant group of compounds in olive leaves is secoiridoids, mainly oleuropein (40,42,44,45) and its derivatives, but also the simple phenol hydroxytyrosol (13), a precursor of oleuropein, and verbascoside (32), a conjugated glucoside of hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid [34]. It is worth noting that both olive byproduct extracts (O20 and O30) were attained with the purpose of developing oleuropein-enriched ingredients due to its reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial or antiaging effects [35].…”

“…Loganin (20) was also only detected in O20. However, a secologanol derivative from Gentiana depressa [40] was distinguished at m/z 687 and tentatively identified as depressine (25).…”

A Review on the Ethnomedicinal Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae) in Tibetan Medicine

“…As the main chemical constituents, iridoids are widely distributed within the Gentiana and Swertia genera [16]. Iridoids can be divided into six groups including loganic acid, secologanic acid, morroniside, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside derivatives based on the classic mevalonic acid pathway [63]. Loganic acid derivatives mostly belong to carbocyclic iridoids and most are esters of loganic acid [63].…”

“…Iridoids can be divided into six groups including loganic acid, secologanic acid, morroniside, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside derivatives based on the classic mevalonic acid pathway [63]. Loganic acid derivatives mostly belong to carbocyclic iridoids and most are esters of loganic acid [63]. To date, more than 40 loganic acid derivatives were isolated from Gentiana [56], whereas only 10 were isolated from Swertia [61].…”

“…Secologanic acid derivatives are mainly derived from the split C7-C8 bond of carbocyclic iridoids. About 19 secologanic acid derivatives were obtained from Gentiana [56,63] and only two (vogelioside and nervoside) from Swertia [16]. Morroniside derivatives were not the major iridoids in both genera.…”