Iridoviruses of Fish

Hick, Paul; Becker, Joy A.; Whittington, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801573-5.00008-5

Cited by 24 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…Sturgeon Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (sNCLDV) represent the most numerous and heterogeneous group of viral agents causing disease in sturgeon. The current nomenclature can lead to error in taxonomy [42]. Most viruses are identified as "iridovirus", which may suggest that they belong to the Iridoviridae family; however, only frog virus 3 (FV3) is officially recognized as a member of Iridoviridae [43].…”

Section: Sturgeon Nucleocytoplasmic Large Dna Viruses (Sncldv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon

et al. 2020

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Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general introduction on viral diseases are four sections arranged by virus classification: sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, herpesviruses, white sturgeon adenovirus 1, and other viruses. Molecular diagnosis is currently the best tool to detect viral diseases, since cell culture isolation is not yet applicable for the detection of most sturgeon viruses.

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Section: Sturgeon Nucleocytoplasmic Large Dna Viruses (Sncldv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…White sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) is currently the sNCLDV for which more information is available; it poses a considerable problem for the conservation of endangered Acipenseridae species and for intensive aquaculture [42]. The ICTV has not yet assigned an official name to the virus.…”

Section: White Sturgeon Iridovirus (Wsiv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon

et al. 2020

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“…Acipenser Iridovirus European (AcIV-E) is an emerging pathogen in European sturgeon farming [1,2]. AcIV-E and other related viruses affecting sturgeon, including White Sturgeon Iridovirus (WSIV) and Namao virus (NV), were initially classified as Iridoviridae, but no specific genus could be assigned [3]. Although fragmented, available genomic data allowed the classification of these viruses as Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs) of the order Megavirales [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two New Sturgeon Species are Susceptible to Acipenser Iridovirus European (AcIV-E) Infection

et al. 2020

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We report the first case of Acipenser iridovirus European (AcIV-E) infection in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and in sterlet (A. ruthenus) reared in Northern Italy. During 2018, mortality began in A. stellatus and A. ruthenus specimens reared in co-habitation with Russian sturgeon positive for AcIV-E. Molecular analyses were done on the gills to amplify a fragment of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene using real-time PCR against AcIV-E. DNA of the positive samples was further sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The MCP gene sequences were highly similar to a virus previously identified in Italy (nucleotide identities between 99.38% and 99.69%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed our hypothesis of passage of the virus from the infected Russian sturgeon. The detection of AcIV-E in new species of the Acipenseridae family may impact on sturgeon production, with relevant economic losses.

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“…Belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus , ISKNV and a closely related but distinct virus, Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), are notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE, ) and are subject to regulation and notification in many countries (Hick, Becker, & Whittington, ). The third genotype of megalocytivirus (MCV), turbot reddish body virus (TRBIV), is not mentioned by the OIE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third genotype of megalocytivirus (MCV), turbot reddish body virus (TRBIV), is not mentioned by the OIE. Since the initial identification in 1990, MCVs are known to infect over 50 marine and freshwater species of fish and have caused epidemics in farmed food fish, ornamental fish and wild fish populations (Hick et al, ; Subramaniam, Shariff, Omar, & Hair‐Bejo, ; Waltzek et al, ). Disease caused by MCVs have occurred most frequently in east and South‐East Asia (Subramaniam et al, ), and mortality is usually between 20% and 60% (Kurita & Nakajima, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of pooling samples on surveillance sensitivity for the megalocytivirus Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus

Johnson

Hick

Robinson

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Movements of large volumes and species varieties make the ornamental fish industry a high‐risk pathway for the transfer of aquatic pathogens to new geographical regions and naïve hosts, potentially resulting in emergency disease events. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (genus Megalocytivirus) is considered exotic to Australia despite documented incursions since 2003. There are current import controls requiring freedom from infection for entry to Australia. The objective was to evaluate the effect of tissue pooling strategies for qPCR testing using a SYBR® assay for freedom from ISKNV at 2% expected prevalence with 95% confidence. Tissue homogenates from apparently healthy imported ornamental fish were tested as individuals and in pools of 5 and 10. Analytical sensitivity of the qPCR assay was reduced by two orders of magnitude when the nucleic acid extraction process was accounted for by spiking the plasmid in fish tissues and compared with molecular grade water. Diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was substantially reduced when testing tissues in pools compared with individual testing. For Population 1 (66% positive for ISKNV with moderate viral loads), surveillance sensitivity was only achieved using individual testing. For Population 2 (100% positive ISKNV with high viral loads), surveillance sensitivity was achieved using 260 fish in pools of 10 for a total of 26 tests or 200 fish in pools of 5 for 40 tests. Surveillance sensitivity could be maximized even when there was a reduction in pooled diagnostic sensitivity compared with diagnostic sensitivity for individual fish by increasing the sample size. Pooled sensitivity was influenced by the prevalence and variable virus load among fish with subclinical infections. Pooled testing is highly effective when the prevalence is >10% which should be informed by prior knowledge or pooling can be used for a screening test to rapidly identify populations with high prevalence.

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Iridoviruses of Fish

Cited by 24 publications

References 152 publications

The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon

The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon

Two New Sturgeon Species are Susceptible to Acipenser Iridovirus European (AcIV-E) Infection

The impact of pooling samples on surveillance sensitivity for the megalocytivirus Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus

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