Irish Transnational Social Movements, Deterritorialized Migrants, and the State System: The Last One Hundred and Forty Years

Hanagan, Michael

doi:10.17813/maiq.3.1.e5232121p18q1717

Cited by 41 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Existing research either focuses on opportunity structures in the receiving states 85 or employs the term 'political opportunity structure' in a general way, overlooking its components. 86 I have added to this new literature by developing the concept of transnational opportunity structure, and I have done so along two lines. First, I extended existing POS variables outside the domestic sphere so that their transnational dimensions may be included:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora

Wayland¹

2004

Rev. Int. Stud.

200

144

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This article presents an empirical case study of a type of nonstate actor largely overlooked in the IR literature on transnationalism: the diaspora or transnational ethnic actor. Building upon findings from contentious politics or social movements scholarship, I highlight the nexus of domestic and transnational politics by demonstrating how actors form ethnic networks and utilise transnational opportunities to pursue political goals in various states. Specifically, I argue that the formation of ethnic networks in the Tamil diaspora has enabled the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) or ‘Tigers’ to engage in protracted insurgency against the Sri Lankan government army. Whereas traditional contentious politics scholarship is unable to explain the longevity and intensity of that conflict, a consideration of the transnational dimension provides new insight into how ethnic conflicts may be sustained. The combination of greater political freedom, community organising and access to advanced communications and financial resources in receiving states has allowed Tamil separatists in the diaspora to maintain ‘transnational ethnic networks’ which are in turn used to mobilise funds that have prolonged the secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora

Wayland¹

2004

Rev. Int. Stud.

200

144

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“…13 These communities tend to be better organized than other types of groups, have strong ties to the home community, and are willing to channel resources back home. The Irish Republican Army of Northern Ireland, for example, was sustained for many years by donations from the Irish diaspora in the United States (Hanagan, 1998). The same is true of the Tamils living in North America, Europe, and the Middle East (Biersteker & Eckert, 2007; McDowell, 1996; Wayland, 2004; Al-Ali & Koser, 2004; Cheran, 2003).…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnicity and civil war

Denny

Walter

2014

Journal of Peace Research

195

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If a civil war begins, it is more likely to be initiated by an ethnic group than any other type of group. We argue that ethnic groups, on average, are likely to have more grievances against the state, are likely to have an easier time organizing support and mobilizing a movement, and are more likely to face difficult-to-resolve bargaining problems. We further argue that each of these factors was likely due to three pre-existing patterns associated with ethnicity. First, when political power is divided along ethnic lines, ruling elites can disproportionately favor their own ethnic group at the expense of others. This creates grievances that fall along ethnic lines. Second, ethnic groups tend to live together in concentrated spaces, sharing the same language and customs, and enjoying deep ties with ethnic kin. This means that ethnic groups, if they are aggrieved, will have an easier time mobilizing support to demand change. Third, the fact that ethnic identity tends to be less elastic than other types of identity means that credible commitments to any bargain – before and during a conflict— will be more difficult to make. The result is that ethnic groups will have a greater number of reasons, opportunities, and incentives to mobilize and fight than non-ethnic groups.

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“…By contrast, migrants moving within or beyond the boundaries of empires followed precisely that trajectory. Mid-nineteenth-century Irish immigrants to the United States may have blazed the path that others took (Hanagan 1999), but the relationship between emigration and decolonization is equally well-exemplified by an episode from the history of independence movements against the British Raj, which also illuminates the vulnerability of the succeeding postcolonial, multi-ethnic states.…”

Section: State-seeking Nationalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Border Politics: Diasporic Mobilization and State Response

Waldinger

Shams

2023

Annu. Rev. Sociol.

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The global dimensions of diasporic politics and state response have generated a large, interdisciplinary literature. Yet, scholars struggle to find the most productive conceptual tools, as one literature, at point of origin, studies emigration and the other, at point of destination, studies immigration. The transnational turn in the social sciences four decades ago propelled scholars to study cross-border political mobilization by viewing immigration and emigration as two sides of the same coin. This article provides a guide to this scholarship. We show how the political nature of cross-border movements creates and circumscribes conditions for diasporic political mobilization. We then identify the different types of cross-border political activities and the modalities of corresponding home state policies. We conclude by reflecting how the world today has changed since the geopolitical moment in which the transnational turn was born and what these changes mean for studying immigrant and emigrant cross-border politics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 49 is July 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Irish Transnational Social Movements, Deterritorialized Migrants, and the State System: The Last One Hundred and Forty Years

Cited by 41 publications

References 15 publications

Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora

Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora

Ethnicity and civil war

Cross-Border Politics: Diasporic Mobilization and State Response

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