Iron absorption by small intestine of chickens

In this review a broad overview of historical and current methods for the assessment of iron bioavailability was given. These methods can be divided into iron solubility studies, iron absorption studies, endpoint measures, and arithmetic models. The pros and cons of all methods were discussed. First, studies on in vitro and in vivo iron solubility have been described. The disadvantages of iron solubility include the impossibility of measuring absorption or incorporation of iron. Furthermore, only the solubility of nonheme iron, and not heme iron, can be studied. Second, we focused on iron absorption studies (either with the use of native iron, radioiron or stable iron isotopes), in which balance techniques, whole-body counting or postabsorption plasma iron measurements can be applied. In vitro determination of iron absorption using intestinal loops or cell lines, was also discussed in this part. As far as absorption studies using animals, duodenal loops, gut sacs or Caco-2 cells were concerned, the difficulty of extrapolating the results to the human situation seemed to be the major drawback. Chemical balance in man has been a good, but laborious and expensive, way to study iron absorption. Whole-body counting has the disadvantage of causing radiation exposure and it is based on a single meal. The measurement of plasma iron response did not seem to be of great value in determining nutritional iron bioavailability. The next part dealt with endpoint measures. According to the definition of iron bioavailability, these methods gave the best figure for it. In animals, the hemoglobin-repletion bioassay was most often used, whereas most studies in humans monitored the fate of radioisotopes or stable isotopes of iron in blood. Repletion bioassays using rats or other animals were of limited use because the accuracy of extrapolation to man is unknown. The use of the rat as a model for iron bioavailability seemed to be empirically based, and there were many reasons to consider the rat as an obsolete model in this respect. The double-isotope technique was probably the best predictor of iron bioavailability in humans. Disadvantages of this method are the single meal basis and the exposure to radiation (as far as radioisotopes were used). Finally, some arithmetic models were described. These models were based on data from iron bioavailability studies and could predict the bioavailability of iron from a meal.

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The concept of iron bioavailability and its assessment

Wienk

Marx²,

Beynen

1999

European Journal of Nutrition

153

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Effect of Iron Supplementation on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Nutrient Utilization, Organ Development, and Fe-Containing Enzyme Activity in Pekin Ducks

Xie

Wen

Wu³

et al. 2018

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The current study was conducted with a mathematical model to investigate the appropriate iron supplementation by analyzing growth performance, hematological parameters, nutrient utilization, organ development, and Fe-containing enzyme activity in Pekin ducks. A total of 1120 ducks (1-day-old; 50.62 ± 0.20 g) were randomly allotted to seven groups with eight replicates of 20 ducks per replicate. Ducks were fed either a low-iron diet or basal diets supplemented with 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg Fe/kg from iron sulfate, respectively. The results showed that iron deficiency decreased body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean cell volume (MCV), the apparent utilization of energy and dry matter, the weight of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum but increased feed conversion ratio (F/G) (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, birds in low-iron groups showed an increase in oxidative stress evidenced by the decreased catalase (CAT) activities and production of malonaldehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). On the contrary, diets supplemented with iron significantly improved the growth performance, in different ages, and achieved the best values in group 4 which supplemented 60 mg Fe/kg (P < 0.05). Also, iron supplementation increased the apparent utilization of energy and dry matter but decreased the utilization of iron in ducks at 35 days of age (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the hematological and intestine Fe-containing enzyme activities were improved with iron up to an optimal level (P < 0.05) at 14 and 35 days. In conclusion, iron deficiency impaired growth performance, physiological indexes, nutrient utilization, and antioxidant system, while dietary 71.25~82.80 mg/kg iron for starter ducks and 75.00~89.41 mg/kg iron for grower ducks were suggested to improve growth performance.

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Effect of Endoxylanase and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Histopathological Features in Broilers

Rehman

Akram

Kiyani

et al. 2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Iron absorption by small intestine of chickens

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

The concept of iron bioavailability and its assessment

The concept of iron bioavailability and its assessment

Effect of Iron Supplementation on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Nutrient Utilization, Organ Development, and Fe-Containing Enzyme Activity in Pekin Ducks

Effect of Endoxylanase and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Histopathological Features in Broilers

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