Iron and Manganese Removal by Free Residual Chlorination

Problems Caused by Manganese in Water Supplies

“…One report (3) has shown that manganese has appeared in many water supplies after analysis of the raw water showed little or none of this material. Other literature in the field (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) reveals other important aspects of the problem.…”

Laboratory and Field Studies on the Treatment of Iron‐Bearing Waters

“…The flow rate for this experiment was recalculated and found containing 1 ppm or more of iron. Bouthillier 12 and Mathews 13 reported 20 ppm as the concentration at which sedimentation becomes desirable, principally to reduce the load on the filter. Weston 1 concluded that sedimentation had little effect.…”

“…Little information is to be found in the literature on the percentage of iron removed by filtration as a unit process. Mathews 13 reported 24 per cent removal for the filter in a system of contact aeration, sedimentation, and filtration. In that study, however, the contact aerator removed more iron than did the unit used in the present study.…”