Iron and steel in Chinese residential buildings: A dynamic analysis

Moving Toward the Circular Economy: The Role of Stocks in the Chinese Steel Cycle

“…We chose a log-normal lifetime distribution for all items in the use phase where the mean lifetime τ equals the standard deviation σ. This distribution has a long tail compared to the normal distribution in Hu et al 19 and demolishing within a certain cohort happens over a longer period of time. This reflects the slackness of the residential building stock better than a normal distribution.…”

“…18 A similar study investigated the steel stocks and flows in China's residential building stock. 19 Historic patterns of stock development were also employed to forecast the future global inuse stock. 20 All these approaches focus on the use phase of steel; however, a comprehensive discussion of the impact of in-use stocks on the whole metal cycle is still lacking.…”

Exploring urban mines: pipe length and material stocks in urban water and wastewater networks

“…As can be seen from the reviews, most of the research in this area has been dedicated towards the relationship between transportation demand and urban density. But it is not only the use of automobiles and other modes of transportation that contributes to energy use and emissions, but also the construction and material supply for the underlying infrastructure networks: Rapidly-growing urban structures will increase the competition for inexpensive construction materials (Deilmann 2009) and boost emissions associated with bulk construction materials, especially concrete and steel (Allwood et al 2010, Hu et al 2010. In the light of climate change, solutions for decoupling the carbon footprint associated with building up and maintaining the material stocks in products, buildings, and infrastructure from the service these stocks provide are urgently required (Milford et al, Allwood et al 2012).…”

Estimating in-use steel stock of civil engineering and building in China by nighttime light image

“…On the other hand, civil engineering, which is mainly comprised by infrastructures, has also increased dramatically to support the basic functions of urban areas. Hu et al pointed out that the apparent consumption of steel for China was about 35.75 Mt in civil engineering, and 110 Mt in building in 2004, which were about half of the total annual consumption of China [1]. High flow rate of steel input into China also caused large change in steel stocks.…”

“…Hu et al tried to estimate the housing stocks using dynamic material flow analysis modeling for the period of 1900-2100 by top-down approach [4]. This work was then extended to estimate the iron and steel stock of the buildings [1]. Similar work was carried out by Yang et al [5], which used a combined top-down and bottom-up approach to account the material and energy flows in construction sector.…”