2014
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00152
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Iron at the interface of immunity and infection

Abstract: Both, mammalian cells and microbes have an essential need for iron, which is required for many metabolic processes and for microbial pathogenicity. In addition, cross-regulatory interactions between iron homeostasis and immune function are evident. Cytokines and the acute phase protein hepcidin affect iron homeostasis leading to the retention of the metal within macrophages and hypoferremia. This is considered to result from a defense mechanism of the body to limit the availability of iron for extracellular pa… Show more

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Cited by 283 publications
(279 citation statements)
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References 146 publications
(197 reference statements)
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“…Indeed, iron deficiency remains one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world (4), and aberrant iron levels have been linked to various ailments, including cancer (5-7), cardiovascular (8), and neurodegenerative (9) disorders, as well as aging (10). The situation is especially complex in infectious diseases, where the requirement for iron by both host organism and invading pathogen leads to an intricate chemical tug-of-war for this metal nutrient during various stages of the immune response (11,12).The foregoing examples provide motivation for developing technologies to monitor biological iron status, with particular interest in methods to achieve in vivo iron imaging in live animal models that go beyond current state-of-the-art assays that are limited primarily to cell culture specimens. In this regard, detection of iron with both metal and oxidation state specificity is of central importance, because while iron is stored primarily in the ferric oxidation state, a ferrous iron pool loosely bound to cellular ligands, defined as the labile iron pool (LIP), exists at the center of highly regulated networks that control iron acquisition, trafficking, and excretion.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Indeed, iron deficiency remains one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world (4), and aberrant iron levels have been linked to various ailments, including cancer (5-7), cardiovascular (8), and neurodegenerative (9) disorders, as well as aging (10). The situation is especially complex in infectious diseases, where the requirement for iron by both host organism and invading pathogen leads to an intricate chemical tug-of-war for this metal nutrient during various stages of the immune response (11,12).The foregoing examples provide motivation for developing technologies to monitor biological iron status, with particular interest in methods to achieve in vivo iron imaging in live animal models that go beyond current state-of-the-art assays that are limited primarily to cell culture specimens. In this regard, detection of iron with both metal and oxidation state specificity is of central importance, because while iron is stored primarily in the ferric oxidation state, a ferrous iron pool loosely bound to cellular ligands, defined as the labile iron pool (LIP), exists at the center of highly regulated networks that control iron acquisition, trafficking, and excretion.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, iron deficiency remains one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world (4), and aberrant iron levels have been linked to various ailments, including cancer (5-7), cardiovascular (8), and neurodegenerative (9) disorders, as well as aging (10). The situation is especially complex in infectious diseases, where the requirement for iron by both host organism and invading pathogen leads to an intricate chemical tug-of-war for this metal nutrient during various stages of the immune response (11,12).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There is an hypothesis that the persistence of certain extracellular pathogens in circulation induces an iron restriction in the mononuclear phagocyte system, blocking its phagocytic capacity. As a result changing concentrations of Fe in the system cause by exposure to this metal could alter the immune function [181].…”
Section: Immunotoxicity Of Metalsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[22][23][24][25] Conversely, after intravenous iron, they include endothelial damage and enhanced atherosclerosis mediated by intravascular oxidant stress, 26 and a predisposition to infection resulting from iron-mediated cellular immune dysfunction and stimulation of bacterial growth. 25,27 cost The cost of oral iron salts varies between preparations but is very low (about 15 to 45 euros per a 3-month course depending on a dose and formulation prescribed). In contrast, the prescribing costs of intravenous iron preparations, depending on how much elemental iron is needed to replace iron stores, range from about 120 to 500 euros.…”
Section: 12mentioning
confidence: 99%