Iron bioavailability

Henry, P. R.

doi:10.1016/b978-012056250-3/50036-6

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…According to a review of Henry and Miller (1995), ferric oxide has a low bioavailability in different animal species; the authors summarised the relative bioavailability of ferric oxide compared to ferrous sulfate monohydrate (set at 100%) for poultry and pigs as 10% and for sheep and rats as 5%. The NRC (1998) reported a bioavailability of zero.…”

Section: Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

2016

EFS2

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The additive under assessment, ferric oxide, contains between 57% and 69% iron (Fe). The EFSA FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of ferric oxide for the target animals owing to that (i) the application of ferric oxide red is for all animal species, (ii) lifetime administration to animals is not excluded and (iii) a sufficient biological and toxicological database was not available. Regarding (i) the very low absorption of iron from the ferric oxide by target animals and (ii) the homoeostatic regulation of iron metabolism in animals, any influence of feeding the ferric oxide on the iron content of edible tissues and products is not expected. The use of ferric oxide in animal nutrition is unlikely to result in a direct exposure of the consumer to this oxide. Consequently, the supplementation of feed for food‐producing animals with ferric oxide would likely not constitute a risk to consumers. Ferric oxide is an irritant to skin and eyes by mechanical action. Owing to the nickel content in the additive, the ferric oxide should be regarded as dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation of ferric oxide, and the contained chromium and nickel, is a hazard; as exposure by inhalation is likely, handling ferric oxide would be a risk for the users. As there is concern about the possible genotoxicity of ferric oxide, any route of exposure should be considered as hazardous. Iron oxides are ubiquitous in the environment. Any additional input from the nutritional use of ferric oxide in food‐producing animals is considered negligible. It is unlikely that the use of the additive in animal nutrition would pose a risk to the environment. Ferric oxide should not be considered as iron source capable to meet iron requirements of animals.

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Section: Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

2016

EFS2

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“…The newly proposed maximum contents for total dietary iron refer to fractions of different bioavailability, the background portion for which a relative bioavailability compared with iron sulphate of 25 % can be assumed, and the supplemented portion with a relative bioavailability of 100 % (Jongbloed et al, 2002). The availability of commonly used iron compounds including those authorised in the EU, except ferric oxide and ferrous carbonate, does not essentially differ from the availability of iron sulphate (Henry and Miller, 1995;Jongbloed et al, 2002). Ferric oxide and ferrous carbonate are less available.…”

Section: Safety Of Iron For Animal Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: Ferrous sulphate monohydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

2014

EFS2

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Ferrous sulphate monohydrate is safe when supplied up to a maximum iron content per kilogram complete feedingstuff of 450 mg for bovines and poultry, 500 mg for ovines, 600 mg for pets, and 750 mg for other species/categories, except horses and fish; for piglets up to one week before weaning a maximum of 250 mg Fe/day is considered safe. Because of insufficient data on horses and fish, as a provisional measure, the current value (750 mg Fe/kg) could be maintained. The values for total dietary iron for pigs, ovines, horses, fish and other species/categories (except poultry, bovines and pets) are in line with those currently authorised. Iron from ferrous sulphate monohydrate is unlikely to modify the iron concentration in edible tissues and products of animal origin. Consumer exposure in the EU is not associated with a risk of excess iron intake to the general population. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel does not foresee any concern for consumer safety resulting from the use of ferrous sulphate monohydrate in animal nutrition, provided that the maximum iron content in complete feedingstuffs is respected. Ferrous sulphate monohydrate is irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. The additive contains up to 109 mg Ni/kg. Nickel is a dermal and respiratory sensitiser, and inhalation may cause lung cancer. Thus, handling the additive poses a risk to the user/worker. Considering the high concentration of iron and sulphur in soil and water, the supplementation of feed with the additive is not expected to pose an environmental risk. Ferrous sulphate monohydrate is an effective iron source for all animal species and categories. The FEEDAP Panel recommends that the currently authorised maximum iron content in complete feed be reduced for bovines and poultry from 750 to 450 mg Fe/kg, and for pets from 1250 to 600 mg Fe/kg.

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“…Current nutrition standards for poultry assume 80 mg Fe/kg of dry matter in broiler feed, while a dose above 2000 ppm is considered toxic (Spears, 1999;Theil, 2004;Vieira, 2008). It has been demonstrated that the bioavailability of this element can be increased as compared to its inorganic forms by applying it in the form of chelates, amino acid compounds or protein compounds (Langini et al, 1988;Henry and Miller, 1995;Spears, 1999;Yu et al, 2000). According to some authors, the use of such forms of iron can significantly raise production rates in dairy cattle and pigs (Vieira, 2008;Feng et al, 2007;Feng et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of feed supplementation with glycine chelate and iron sulfate on selected parameters of cell-mediated immune response in broiler chickens

Jarosz

Kwiecień

Marek

et al. 2016

Research in Veterinary Science

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Iron bioavailability

Cited by 33 publications

References 91 publications

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: Ferrous sulphate monohydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

Effects of feed supplementation with glycine chelate and iron sulfate on selected parameters of cell-mediated immune response in broiler chickens

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