The involvement of macrophages (Ms) as host, accessory, and effector cells in the development of infectious diseases, together with their central role in iron homeostasis, place these immune cells as key players in the interface between iron and infection. Having previously shown that the functional expression of NRAMP-1 results in increased protein phosphorylation mediated in part by an iron-dependent inhibition of M protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity, we sought to study the mechanism(s) underlying this specific event. Herein we have identified the mononuclear dicitrate iron complex [Fe(cit) 2 H 4-x ] (1؉x)؊ as the species responsible for the specific inhibition of M PTP activity. By using biochemical and computational approaches, we show that [Fe(cit) 2 ] 5؊ targets the catalytic pocket of the PTP SHP-1, competitively inhibiting its interaction with an incoming phosphosubstrate. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of PTP activity by iron-citrate results in protein hyperphosphorylation and enhanced MAPK signaling in response to LPS stimulation. We propose that iron-citrate-mediated PTP inhibition represents a novel and biologically relevant regulatory mechanism of signal transduction.The balance of protein phosphorylation, maintained by the concerted action of protein kinases and protein phosphatases, is fundamental in determining the outcome of multiple cellular functions ranging from cell proliferation to cell death (1). In recent years the importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) 3 as coordinators of signaling pathways and the immune response has become evident (2). Progress has been achieved in understanding the mechanisms of PTP regulation, including receptor PTP dimerization (3), oxidation (4), and PTP phosphorylation. However, with more than 100 family members, a broad structural diversity, varying subcellular localizations and substrate specificities (5), the complexity of PTP activity regulation is far from being completely unraveled.Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1, NRAMP-1, is a divalent metal transporter localized to the late endosome/ lysosomal compartment of Ms (6), and present in gelatinase positive tertiary granules of neutrophils (7). Upon phagocytosis, NRAMP-1 is recruited to the phagolysosomal membrane where it mediates the export of Mn , and potentially other metals including Zn 2ϩ from the vesicle into the cytoplasmic compartment (8, 9). Functional NRAMP-1 expression has been linked to innate resistance to Leishmania donovani and other unrelated intracellular pathogens (10). In addition, it has been associated with the up-regulation of proinflammatory M functions such as MHC II expression (11), IL-1 (12), TNF-␣ (13), and NO production (14). We have recently reported that functional expression of NRAMP-1 results in lower M PTP activity and increased protein phosphorylation, in part explaining the pleiotropic effects of NRAMP-1 (15). Our findings suggest a model linking metal transport and the regulation of M functions: NRAMP-1 mediated iron transport directl...