Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Residing in High and Low-Income Countries: Risk Factors, Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Mantadakis, Elpis; Chatzimichael, Eleftherios; Zikidou, Panagiota

doi:10.4084/mjhid.2020.041

Cited by 114 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The current research hotspots are (1) epidemiologic research investigating the global burden of iron deficiency, (2) research into the clinical aspects of iron deficiency anemia, (3) iron metabolism, and (4) the impact of iron deficiency on children. This is supported by the opinions of the authors of recent reviews in the field [ 8 – 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Top 100 Cited Papers in the Field of Iron Deficiency in Humans: A Bibliometric Study

Frater

2021

BioMed Research International

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Worldwide, iron deficiency is a common form of micronutrient deficiency with a high individual and societal cost. There are considerable knowledge and practice gaps in the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency. Bibliometric analysis examines the published body of knowledge of a subject in an objective fashion. The Web of Science Core Collection was searched to retrieve the 100 most cited papers on the topic of iron deficiency, and the key metrics of each paper were extracted. A keyword study was performed using VOSviewer 1.6.10 software, which provided a visual mapping of the network of keyword cooccurrences. The papers were published between 1964 and 2017 and were cited an average of 636 times. They were contributed by authors from 119 different countries/regions, with the largest contributing country being the United States. 29 institutions contributed at least 6 publications each, and 4 researchers authored or coauthored at least 5 papers. Keyword analysis suggests that the most cited topics could be grouped into 4 categories: (1) epidemiologic research of the global burden of iron deficiency, (2) clinical aspects of iron deficiency anemia, (3) iron metabolism, and (4) the impact of iron deficiency on children. Identification of the most impactful studies in the field of iron deficiency may be helpful to practitioners interested in improving their knowledge base. Compared to bibliometric studies performed on other topics, the medical literature of iron deficiency is mature, as evidenced by the high citation rate of the top 100 papers. Despite the high worldwide prevalence of iron deficiency, the top cited papers are dominated by a relatively small number of countries and institutions. Interestingly, however, the most cited authors in this study do not overlap with the most cited institutions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Top 100 Cited Papers in the Field of Iron Deficiency in Humans: A Bibliometric Study

Frater

2021

BioMed Research International

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“…Within this context, many patients of different ages and genders are still found to suffer from "scurvy"-related symptoms, including iron metabolism changes, both in developed and developing countries [210][211][212]. Similarly, many patients in developed and developing countries have been diagnosed with iron deficiency of varying etiologies, and are treated with different types of iron formulations, including iron ascorbate, in order to identify the optimal therapy [213,214].…”

Section: Future Therapeutic Strategies and Health Implications Of The Use Of Vitamin C And Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications

et al. 2020

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Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.

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“…In contrast to western populations, the most severe pathological complications in relation to IDA are observed in the malnourished and vegetarian populations of developing countries. In the latter populations, haem iron in the diet is, by comparison, much lower, and overall iron absorption is not in significant amount from other dietary forms found in vegetarian meals [ 23 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Non-regulatory Mechanisms Of Iron Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In general, vegetarian meals low in dietary iron are likely to reduce the intake of iron and rate of body iron load in vegetarian populations [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. In contrast, in meat eating populations, sufficient amounts of iron are absorbed because of the presence of high concentration of haem, which is the main form of iron to be found in the meat dishes.…”

Section: Iron Absorption and Distribution Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Era in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Using Trimaltol Iron and Other Lipophilic Iron Chelator Complexes: Historical Perspectives of Discovery and Future Applications

Kontoghiorghes¹,

Kolnagou²,

Demetriou³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The trimaltol iron complex (International Non-proprietary Name: ferric maltol) was originally designed, synthesised, and screened in vitro and in vivo in 1980–1981 by Kontoghiorghes G.J. following his discovery of the novel alpha-ketohydroxyheteroaromatic (KHP) class of iron chelators (1978–1981), which were intended for clinical use, including the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Iron deficiency anaemia is a global health problem affecting about one-third of the world’s population. Many (and different) ferrous and ferric iron complex formulations are widely available and sold worldwide over the counter for the treatment of IDA. Almost all such complexes suffer from instability in the acidic environment of the stomach and competition from other dietary molecules or drugs. Natural and synthetic lipophilic KHP chelators, including maltol, have been shown in in vitro and in vivo studies to form stable iron complexes, to transfer iron across cell membranes, and to increase iron absorption in animals. Trimaltol iron, sold as Feraccru or Accrufer, was recently approved for clinical use in IDA patients in many countries, including the USA and in EU countries, and was shown to be effective and safe, with a better therapeutic index in comparison to other iron formulations. Similar properties of increased iron absorption were also shown by lipophilic iron complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline, tropolone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxypyridine-1-oxide, and related analogues. The interactions of the KHP iron complexes with natural chelators, drugs, metal ions, proteins, and other molecules appear to affect the pharmacological and metabolic effects of both iron and the KHP chelators. A new era in the treatment of IDA and other possible clinical applications, such as theranostic and anticancer formulations and metal radiotracers in diagnostic medicine, are envisaged from the introduction of maltol, KHP, and similar lipophilic chelators.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Residing in High and Low-Income Countries: Risk Factors, Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Cited by 114 publications

References 71 publications

The Top 100 Cited Papers in the Field of Iron Deficiency in Humans: A Bibliometric Study

The Top 100 Cited Papers in the Field of Iron Deficiency in Humans: A Bibliometric Study

Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications

New Era in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Using Trimaltol Iron and Other Lipophilic Iron Chelator Complexes: Historical Perspectives of Discovery and Future Applications

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