Iron Deficiency Associated with Higher Blood Lead in Children Living in Contaminated Environments

Bradman, Asa; Eskenazi, Brenda; Sutton, Patrice; Athanasoulis, Marcos; Goldman, Lynn R.

doi:10.2307/3454964

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This is similar to several studies reporting higher proportions of children with elevated blood lead levels among those with low iron and ferritin levels [39-41]. These results suggest that inadequate iron status may amplify the effect of lead contamination in the environment by increasing absorption and possibly retention of lead in the body [39]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children

et al. 2010

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BackgroundAnemia is a health problem among infants and children. It is often associated with a decrease in some trace elements (iron, zinc, copper) and an increase in heavy metals as lead. This study was done to determine the association of blood lead level > 10 μg/dl, with the increased risk to anemia, also, to investigate the relationship between anemia and changes in blood iron, zinc and copper levels, and measure lead level in drinking water.The study is a cross-sectional performed on 60 children. Venous blood samples were taken from the studied population for estimating hematological parameters as well as iron and ferritin levels. The concentrations of zinc, copper, and lead were measured. The studied population was divided into anemic and non-anemic (control) groups. The anemic group was further classified into mild, moderate and severe anemia. The study subjects were also categorized into low and high blood lead level groups.FindingsApproximately 63.33% of children had blood lead levels ≥ 10 μg/dl. At the blood lead level range of 10-20 μg/dl, a significant association was found for mild and severe anemia. The blood level of iron and ferritin was found to be significantly lower in high blood lead level and anemic groups than those of the low blood lead level and control groups. Lead level in drinking water was higher than the permissible limit.ConclusionLead level ≥ 10 μg/dl was significantly associated with anemia, decreased iron absorption and hematological parameters affection. High blood lead levels were associated with low serum iron and ferritin. Lead level in drinking water was found to be higher than the permissible limits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…On the other hand, it is also possible that iron deficiency, which is a proven cause of anemia, leads to increase in the absorption of lead in the body, resulting in high BLL [29,30]. Although a causal pathway cannot be determined, yet the study findings clearly demonstrate an association between varying severity of anemia and elevated BLL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children

et al. 2010

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“…In contrast to the studies of blood lead levels in adults from environmental exposure, those reported in children have tended to show higher lead levels and this appears to be associated with ID (Mahaffey, 1983;Bradman et al, 2001;Wolf et al, 2003;Wright et al, 2003). There is a theoretical basis for this observation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Nonindustrialized areas such as the populated areas of the Himalayas gave average blood lead levels around 3 lg/dl (Piomelli et al, 1980). Iron deficiency is reported to encourage lead absorption and therefore ID and lead toxicity are likely to coexist (Mahaffey & Annest, 1986;Bradman et al, 2001;Wolf, Jimenez & Lozoff, 2003;Wright et al, 2003). The uptake of lead from the gut is influenced by deficiencies of phosphorus, zinc, iron and/or calcium in the diet (Mahaffey, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels in iron-deficient and noniron-deficient adults

et al. 2005

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Iron deficiency (ID) has been reported to increase lead absorption. This relationship has been investigated in detail in children but not in adults. This study was designed to investigate whether blood lead levels are significantly higher in iron-deficient adults. ID-parameters (haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, iron-binding saturation, soluble transferrin receptors, washed zinc protoporphyrin and ferritin) together with whole blood lead were measured in three different adult groups - blood donors (n = 73), pregnant women (n =74) and haemodialysis patients (n = 72). Of a total of 219 subjects tested, 7.7% was found to have a lead level above 10 microg/dl (maximum 16 microg/dl). No association was found between blood lead level and ID [iron-deficient subjects (n: 139), mean: 5.6 microg/dl (SD: 3 microg/dl) and noniron-deficient subjects (n: 80), mean: 5.4 microg/dl (SD: 3 microg/dl)]. The results suggest that the inverse association between blood lead and serum iron in studies carried out on children does not occur in adults.

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“…By 2004, the latest date for which data are available, this had dropped to 1% [59]. Lead poisoning is more severe in iron-deficient children, even when adjusted for differing exposure [60]. …”

Section: Acquired Sideroblastic Anemiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Iron Metabolism and Sideroblastic Anemia

Sheftel

Richardson

Prchal³

et al. 2009

Acta Haematol

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Sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by mitochondrial iron overload in developing red blood cells. The unifying characteristic of all sideroblastic anemias is the ring sideroblast, which is a pathological erythroid precursor containing excessive deposits of non-heme iron in mitochondria with perinuclear distribution creating a ring appearance. Sideroblastic anemias may be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary sideroblastic anemias are caused by defects in genes present on the X chromosome (mutations in the ALAS2, ABCB7, or GRLX5 gene), genes on autosomal chromosomes, or mitochondrial genes. Acquired sideroblastic anemias are either primary (refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts, RARS, representing one subtype of the myelodysplastic syndrome) or secondary due to some drugs, toxins, copper deficiency, or chronic neoplastic disease. The pathogenesis of mitochondrial iron loading in developing erythroblasts is diverse. Ring sideroblasts can develop as a result of a heme synthesis defect in erythroblasts (ALAS2 mutations), a defect in iron-sulfur cluster assembly, iron-sulfur protein precursor release from mitochondria (ABCB7 mutations), or by a defect in intracellular iron metabolism in erythroid cells (e.g. RARS).

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Iron Deficiency Associated with Higher Blood Lead in Children Living in Contaminated Environments

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children

Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children

Blood lead levels in iron-deficient and noniron-deficient adults

Mitochondrial Iron Metabolism and Sideroblastic Anemia

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