Iron deficiency in South African children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Magula, Luzuko; Moxley, Karis; Lachman, Anusha

doi:10.2989/17280583.2019.1637345

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs most frequently in school-age children and is characterized as inattention with or without excessive impulsivity and hyperactivity (Abramov et al, 2019). Previous studies have reported that ADHD pathogenesis may be associated with dysregulation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and norepinephrine (Magula et al, 2019;Stewart et al, 2019;Suzuki et al, 2019). Others have shown that the incidence of ADHD may have a certain degree of heritability, and genes related to dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-HT transmission have been found to be abnormally expressed in children with ADHD (Banerjee and Nandagopal, 2015;Karmakar et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2020

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Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric condition that may be related to an imbalance of neural transmitters. The gut microbiota is the largest ecosystem in the human body, and the brain-gut axis theory proposes that the gut microbiome can affect brain function in multiple ways. The purpose of this study was to explore the gut microbiota in children with ADHD and assess the possible role of the gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis to open new avenues for ADHD treatment.Methods: A case-control design was used. We enrolled 17 children aged 6-12 years with ADHD who were treated in the Pediatric Outpatient Department of the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January to June, 2019. Seventeen children aged 6-12 years were selected as the healthy control (HC) group. Fecal samples of cases and controls were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Alpha diversity and the differences in the relative abundances of bacteria were compared between the two groups. Functional annotations were performed for the microbiota genes and metabolic pathways were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results:There was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of gut microbiota between the ADHD and HC groups. Compared with HCs, Faecalibacterium and Veillonellaceae were significantly reduced in children with ADHD (P < 0.05), Odoribacter and Enterococcus were significantly increased [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 2]. At the species level, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lachnospiraceae bacterium, and Ruminococcus gnavus were significantly reduced in the ADHD group (P < 0.05), while Bacteroides caccae, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Paraprevotella xylaniphila, and Veillonella parvula were increased (P < 0.05). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant between-group differences in the metabolic pathways of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and dopamine) (P < 0.05). Frontiers in Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 February 2020 | Volume 14 | Article 127 Wan et al. Gut Microbiota Role in ADHDConclusion: Composition differences of gut microbiota in subjects with ADHD may contribute to brain-gut axis alterations and affect neurotransmitter levels, which could contribute to ADHD symptoms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2020

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“…2805 cases were enrolled in the only cohort study showing no association between ADHD and ID [ 43 ], 251 cases and 203 controls were enrolled in the case control studies, and 458 cases were enrolled in case series studies. 7 studies investigated the degree of ID and severity of ADHD symptoms, with greater severity not being associated with lower iron levels [ 43 – 49 ], and 4 studies concluded that SF levels were not lower in the ADHD population [ 44 , 46 , 49 , 50 ]. 6 studies showed lack of association with the hyperactivity symptoms of ADHD [ 43 – 46 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 of these studies found that there were no significant differences between sex and ADHD symptoms [ 33 , 39 , 42 , 47 ]. 5 studies found that males had more ADHD symptoms than females [ 11 , 28 , 34 , 41 , 50 ]. One study [ 26 ] compared iron status (iron sufficient, ID without anemia, ID anemia) and sex, and found a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between the aforementioned groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency and common neurodevelopmental disorders—A scoping review

McWilliams

Singh²,

Leung³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Background A wealth of human and experimental studies document a causal and aggravating role of iron deficiency in neurodevelopmental disorders. While pre-, peri-, and early postnatal iron deficiency sets the stage for the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders, iron deficiency acquired at later ages aggravates pre-existing neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet, the association of iron deficiency and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence has not yet been explored comprehensively. In this scoping review, we investigate 1) the association of iron deficiency in children and adolescents with the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD, ASD, and FASD, and 2) whether iron supplementation improves outcomes in these disorders. Method Scoping review of studies published between 1994 and 2021 using “iron deficiency / iron deficiency anemia” AND “ADHD” OR “autism” OR “FASD” in four biomedical databases. The main inclusion criterion was that articles needed to have quantitative determination of iron status at any postnatal age with primary iron markers such as serum ferritin being reported in association with ADHD, ASD, or FASD. Results For ADHD, 22/30 studies and 4/4 systematic reviews showed an association of ADHD occurrence or severity with iron deficiency; 6/6 treatment studies including 2 randomized controlled trials demonstrated positive effects of iron supplementation. For ASD, 3/6 studies showed an association with iron deficiency, while 3/6 and 1/1 systematic literature review did not; 4 studies showed a variety of prevalence rates of iron deficiency in ASD populations; 1 randomized controlled trial found no positive effect of iron supplementation on behavioural symptoms of ASD. For FASD, 2/2 studies showed an association of iron deficiency with growth retardation in infants and children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Conclusion Evidence in favor of screening for iron deficiency and using iron supplementation for pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders comes primarily from ADHD studies and needs to be further investigated for ASD and FASD. Further analysis of study methodologies employed and populations investigated is needed to compare studies against each other and further substantiate the evidence created.

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“…Nevertheless, most of the studies indicate lower serum ferritin levels in ADHD patients [ 32 , 33 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. Other reports found no significant relationship [ 89 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]. Only one (older) publication claimed to find higher levels [ 28 ].…”

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 87%

Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

et al. 2020

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In this study, we critically review the literature concerning the relation of Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Elemental status is estimated using peripheral blood parameters, hair, urine, daily intake and response to supplementation. The observed associations between concentration levels of the elements Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and ADHD symptoms are contradictory. This is partly due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disorder. As a trend, lower ferritin and zinc levels can be observed. However, this correlation is not causative, as illustrated by placebo-controlled trials reporting conflicting evidence on the efficacy of supplementation. Well-defined studies on changes in concentration levels of the elements in relation to ADHD symptoms before and after treatment with therapeutics it will be possible to shed more light on the significance of these elements in this behavioral disorder. The discussion on whether a change in concentration of an element is cause or consequence of ADHD is not within the scope of this article.

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Iron deficiency in South African children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Case-Control Study of the Effects of Gut Microbiota Composition on Neurotransmitter Metabolic Pathways in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Iron deficiency and common neurodevelopmental disorders—A scoping review

Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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