Iron deficiency increases blood lead levels in boys and pre-menarche girls surveyed in KNHANES 2010–2011

Sim, Chang Sun; Kim, Yangho; Lee, Heun; Park, Chung Yill; Ham, Jung O.; Lee, Byung Kook

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.004

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For example, no association was observed in studies where the subjects were older female children or adolescents53,55,60). In postmenarche women, estrogen promotes bone mineralization and redistributes blood lead into bone; thus, women have lower blood lead concentrations than men and there is no association between high blood lead levels and iron deficiency in postmenarche adolescents owing to the overshadowing effects of estrogen on lead levels61). Some studies of children with lower blood lead concentrations (11.0 µg/dL and 11.4 µg/dL) have reported no association54,58).…”

Section: Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency increases blood concentrations of neurotoxic metals in children

Kim

2014

Korean J Pediatr

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Iron deficiency affects approximately one-third of the world's population, occurring most frequently in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Mechanisms of iron absorption are similar to those of other divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium, and a diet deficient in iron can lead to excess absorption of manganese, lead, and cadmium. Iron deficiency may lead to cognitive impairments resulting from the deficiency itself or from increased metal concentrations caused by the deficiency. Iron deficiency combined with increased manganese or lead concentrations may further affect neurodevelopment. We recently showed that blood manganese and lead concentrations are elevated among iron-deficient infants. Increased blood manganese and lead levels are likely associated with prolonged breast-feeding, which is also a risk factor for iron deficiency. Thus, babies who are breast-fed for prolonged periods should be given plain, iron-fortified cereals or other good sources of dietary iron.

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Section: Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency increases blood concentrations of neurotoxic metals in children

Kim

2014

Korean J Pediatr

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“…The mechanisms of iron absorption are similar to those of other divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium (Hurley and Keen, 1987;Mackenzie and Garrick, 2005). Men generally have higher blood lead levels than women, probably due to the effect of estrogen in premenopausal women (Sim et al, 2014). Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of toxic metals have been reported, and there is increasing evidence that the health effects of certain toxic metals manifest differently in males and females, due to differences in kinetics, mode of action, and/or susceptibility (Vahter et al, 2002(Vahter et al, , 2004(Vahter et al, , 2007.…”

Section: Susceptibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Another important susceptibility is the presence of coexisting disease. These metals are absorbed by the same transport system (divalent metal transporter; DMT-1) in the gut (Rehnberg et al, 1982), and a dietary deficiency in iron can lead to excess absorption of manganese (Davis et al, 1992;Kim et al, 2005;Kim and Lee, 2011;Meltzer et al, 2010), lead (Bradman et al, 2001;Choi and Kim, 2003;Hammad et al, 1996;Sim et al, 2014), and cadmium (Park et al, 2002;Ryu et al, 2004;Zoller et al, 2001;Kim et al, 2014). Patients with portal systemic shunts are unable to clear manganese or methyl mercury via biliary excretion, and thus accumulate these toxicants in their bodies (Butterworth et al, 1995;Hauser et al, 1994;Sheehan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Susceptibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Toxicology

Kim¹

2014

Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences

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“…For example, studies of older female children or adolescents reported no association of blood iron and lead levels [42,44,47]. Postmenarcheal women have lower blood lead concentrations than men, because estrogen promotes bone mineralization and redistributes blood lead into bone, and this estrogen effect overshadows the increasing effect of ferritin on blood lead level [48]. Hence, there is no association between high blood lead level and iron deficiency in postmenarcheal adolescents [48].…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postmenarcheal women have lower blood lead concentrations than men, because estrogen promotes bone mineralization and redistributes blood lead into bone, and this estrogen effect overshadows the increasing effect of ferritin on blood lead level [48]. Hence, there is no association between high blood lead level and iron deficiency in postmenarcheal adolescents [48]. Some studies of children with lower blood lead concentrations (11.0 and 11.4 μg/dL) reported no association of blood lead and iron levels [43,45].…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Iron Deficiency on the Increased Blood Divalent Metal Concentrations

Kim¹

2019

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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The apical divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) are responsible for the absorption of iron and other divalent metals (manganese, lead, and cadmium). Thus, an iron-deficient diet can lead to excess absorption of manganese, lead, and cadmium, and high blood concentrations of these metals. Relative to males, females of childbearing age have higher blood concentrations of manganese because of their lower blood concentrations of ferritin. Moreover, relative to premenopausal women, menopausal women have lower blood manganese levels because their higher concentrations of ferritin. There is also a significant increase in the whole blood manganese level throughout pregnancy due to the upregulation of iron absorption at this time. Several previous studies reported a temporal relationship between iron deficiency and increased blood lead concentrations in children. However, this association does not occur in postmenarcheal or postmenopausal women because estrogen promotes bone mineralization and redistributes blood lead into the bone, overshadowing the effect of ferritin on blood lead level. Although blood cadmium concentrations are higher in females of childbearing age because of their lower ferritin concentrations, there is no association of blood cadmium and iron levels in infants and postmenopausal women.

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Iron deficiency increases blood lead levels in boys and pre-menarche girls surveyed in KNHANES 2010–2011

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Iron deficiency increases blood concentrations of neurotoxic metals in children

Iron deficiency increases blood concentrations of neurotoxic metals in children

Occupational Toxicology

Effect of Iron Deficiency on the Increased Blood Divalent Metal Concentrations

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