Iron<i>in Vitro</i>Bioavailability and Iodine Storage Stability in Double-Fortified Salt

Li, Yao Olive; Diósady, Levente L.; Wesley, Annie S.

doi:10.1177/156482650903000403

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This performance is similar to that of capsules produced via agglomeration and extrusion, which also resulted in a ~75% iron dissolution in 30 min. and a ~80% iron dissolution in 2h (Li et al 2009). When ingested with other foods, the premix is expected to perform even better as the presence of other food material has been shown to increase the dissolution and subsequent absorption of iron (Crichton, 2001).…”

Section: Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 94%

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Microencapsulation of Ferrous Fumarate for the Production of Salt Double Fortified with Iron and Iodine

Romita¹,

Cheng²,

Diósady³

2011

International Journal of Food Engineering

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The fortification of salt with iron may greatly reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency globally, but fortification is complicated by iron-iodine interactions. To minimize this interaction, a spray dry microencapsulation system was developed. This study evaluates the creation and use of this system, producing engineered iron premixes for integration into coarse iodized salt. Bioavailable ferrous fumarate powders were encapsulated via spray-drying to produce particles which are too small to be detected visually (<20μm). Feed systems containing both suspended and dissolved ferrous fumarate were compared to find optimal feed conditions. The premixes were blended into iodized salt at 1000ppm-iron and stored at 40°C,~60 percent RH. The salt was sampled periodically for 6 months to evaluate the effect on iodine stability. All encapsulated samples were more stable than the unencapsulated samples. The capsules ability to adhere to the salt as well as its colour and apparent bioavailability were evaluated. Stable double-fortified salt based on inexpensive, coarse, unrefined salt may be obtained economically by this approach.

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Section: Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Every 15 min., 5mL samples were withdrawn, filtered (0.45m membrane filter) and analyzed for iron (Li et al, 2009). …”

Section: In-vitro Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microencapsulation of Ferrous Fumarate for the Production of Salt Double Fortified with Iron and Iodine

Romita¹,

Cheng²,

Diósady³

2011

International Journal of Food Engineering

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“…The process described by Li, Diosady, and Wesley () and Yadava et al. () was modified for iron premix processing at the last stage of encapsulation.…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology for Triple Fortification of Salt with Folic Acid, Iron, and Iodine

Modupe

Krishnaswamy

Diósady

2019

Journal of Food Science

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As many of the maternal and child health complications result from folic acid, iron, and iodine deficiencies; it makes sense to combat these simultaneously. We have developed cost‐effective technology to deliver these three micronutrients simultaneously through salt. Our goal was to retain at least 70% of the micronutrients during 6 months of storage. The fortified salt was formulated by spraying a solution that contained 2% iodine and 0.5% or 1% folic acid onto salt and adding encapsulated ferrous fumarate. The formulated triple fortified salt contained 1,000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, and 12.5 or 25 ppm folic acid. The spray solution and the salt were stored for 2 and 6 months respectively at 25, 35, and 45 °C 60 to 70% relative humidity. Even at 45 °C, over 70% of both iodine and folic acid were retained in the salt. The best formulation based on the color of the salt and stability of iodine and folic acid contained 12.5 ppm folic acid, 50 ppm iodine, and 1,000 ppm iron. These results indicate that iron, iodine, and folic acid can be simultaneously delivered to a vulnerable population through salt using the technology described. Also, the quality control of the process can be developed around pteroic acid that was detected as a primary degradation product of folic acid. Practical Application The technology developed is already transferred to India for industrial scale up. When fully operational, the technology will simultaneously solve iron, iodine, and folic acid deficiencies in vulnerable populations at a very low cost.

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“…The stability, acceptability, and bioavailability of different types of DFS have been analyzed (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Overall, all types of DFS have been found to be acceptable to consumers, and laboratory studies conducted have indicated good stability and bioavailability of both iron and iodine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Double-Fortified Salt with Iron and Iodine on Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ramírez-Luzuriaga

Larson

Mannar

et al. 2018

Advances in Nutrition

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Double-fortified salt (DFS) containing iron and iodine has been proposed as a feasible and cost-effective alternative for iron fortification in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis from randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials to 1) assess the effect of DFS on biomarkers of iron status and the risk of anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 2) evaluate differential effects of DFS by study type (efficacy or effectiveness), population subgroups, iron formulation (ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, and ferric pyrophosphate), iron concentration, duration of intervention, and study quality. A systematic search with the use of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and other sources identified 221 articles. Twelve efficacy and 2 effectiveness studies met prespecified inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in LMICs: 10 in India, 2 in Morocco, and 1 each in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. In efficacy studies, DFS increased hemoglobin concentrations [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.44; P < 0.001] and reduced the risk of anemia (RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.77; P < 0.001) and IDA (RR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.54; P < 0.001). In effectiveness studies, the effect size for hemoglobin was smaller but significant (SMD: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05; P < 0.01). Stratified analyses of efficacy studies by population subgroups indicated positive effects of DFS among women and school-age children. For the latter, DFS increased hemoglobin concentrations (SMD: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.60; P < 0.05) and reduced the risk of anemia (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.67; P < 0.001) and IDA (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.54; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin concentrations, anemia prevalence and deworming at baseline, sample size, and study duration were not associated with effect sizes. The results indicate that DFS is efficacious in increasing hemoglobin concentrations and reducing the risk of anemia and IDA in LMIC populations. More effectiveness studies are needed.

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Ironin VitroBioavailability and Iodine Storage Stability in Double-Fortified Salt

Abstract: These findings were corroborated by field tests in southern India which demonstrated that double-fortified salt containing microencapsulated ferrous fumarate was effective in reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders.

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Microencapsulation of Ferrous Fumarate for the Production of Salt Double Fortified with Iron and Iodine

Microencapsulation of Ferrous Fumarate for the Production of Salt Double Fortified with Iron and Iodine

Technology for Triple Fortification of Salt with Folic Acid, Iron, and Iodine

Impact of Double-Fortified Salt with Iron and Iodine on Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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