Digital inkjet printing has become one of the most convenient
and
efficient technologies for coating chromic materials on flexible substrates
with complicated patterns. However, the development of water-based,
additive-free chromic inks for inkjet printing still remains a challenge.
Herein, three ammonium-functionalized colorless viologen derivatives AV, APV, and AQV with excellent
water solubilities are utilized as chromes in the chromic inks due
to their excellent photochromic and electrochromic properties. Water,
ethanol, and ethylene glycol are selected as cosolvents, and their
contents in this ternary solvent system have been optimized to achieve
comprehensive rheological properties. With the H2O:EtOH:EG
weight ratio of 8:1:7, the chromic ink based on AV realizes
a viscosity of 4.69 mPa·s, a surface tension of 45.13 mN/m, and
a Z value of 3.87. Without adding any additive, the
as-prepared chromic inks can be printed on flexible substrates, such
as paper and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films, by a conventional
inkjet printer with inherent high resolutions. The printed patterns
are initially invisible due to the colorless characteristics of the
chromic inks. Interestingly, the printed films are responsive to both
light and electric stimuli. Upon irradiation by UV light, a series
of sentences with font sizes from 5 to 12 points and four quick response
codes with different lattice resolutions clearly appear on the printed
paper. Meanwhile, after printing on an indium tin oxide-coated PET
substrate, electrochromic devices (ECDs) can be facilely fabricated
by covering a hydrogel electrolyte on the printed films. Upon application
of different potentials, the assembled ECDs exhibit “Peking
Opera facial makeup” patterns with different colors. Therefore,
the developed water-based additive-free chromic inks can be utilized
for information display and encryption applications.